#creoles

Major ethnic groups brought to Mississippi during the Atlantic slave trade included peoples from West-Central Africa (such as the Kongo, from modern-day Congo and Angola), the Bight of Benin (Yoruba and Fon from Nigeria, Benin, and Togo), the Gold Coast (Akan from Ghana), and the Senegambia region (Mandinka and Wolof from Senegal, Gambia, and Mali). Enslaved people also came from the Bight of Biafra (parts of present-day Nigeria and Cameroon). These groups were largely forced to Mississippi under French, Spanish, and British colonial rule, with the Natchez area being a significant slave market. 

Key Ethnic Groups and Regions

West-Central Africa:Enslaved people from this region, including the Kongo, were brought to Mississippi, especially under Spanish colonial rule. 

Bight of Benin:This region, encompassing parts of present-day Nigeria, Benin, and Togo, was a major source of enslaved people, including the Yoruba and Fon people, who are mentioned as being brought to French colonial settings like Mississippi. 

Gold Coast:Peoples from this region, such as the Akan (from what is now Ghana), also formed a significant part of the enslaved population in the Americas. 

Senegambia:The region of modern-day Senegal, Gambia, and parts of Mali supplied many enslaved people, including Mandinka and Wolof peoples, who are noted in historical accounts. 

Bight of Biafra:This inlet of the Atlantic, comprising parts of present-day Nigeria and Cameroon, was another area from which enslaved Africans were taken. 

Colonial Context

French Colonial Rule:The French introduced enslaved people, including Caribbean Creoles, to Mississippi under the Code Noir. 

Spanish Colonial Rule:Under Spanish rule, Spain offered incentives for bringing enslaved people to its territories, and people from the Kongo were brought to the area. 

British Rule:The Mississippi Territory also received enslaved Africans, including Jamaican-born people, under British rule. 

Market Hubs:The area known as the Forks of the Road in Natchez, Mississippi, served as a major slave market, facilitating the internal trade and dispersal of enslaved people throughout the region. 

October is Creole Heritage Month in Louisiana!

Jacques Guillaume Lucien Amans (French, 1801-1888) The Frey Children and Bélizaire, ca. 1840

Jacques Guillaume Lucien Amans was a French neoclassical portrait painter working in New Orleans in the 1840s and 1850s. He is famous for his New Orleans Creole portraits.

The term Creole was first used on the Gulf Coast to refer to the first generation of French or Spanish people who were born in the colonies.

In 1837 New Orleans, the Frey family lived in an elegant three-story townhouse in the French Quarter on the current site of the Carousel Bar in the Monteleone Hotel.

BUT THEN

LIES

Chinook Jargon is a creole formed mainly between the Chinook language and French, with some words from English and various indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest

Tok Pisin is a creole formed between various Melanesian languages, English, German, Malay, and Portuguese

Thank you for the ask!

As far as I know, there aren't any modern examples of creole-based creoles [CbC henceforth] (sadly) but there's nothing standing against their existence. Actually, there's one documented case that could have developed into a CbC, namely Ndyuka-Tiriyó Pidgin [NTP henceforth]. Unfortunately, NTP has fallen out of used since the 1960s, and can be considered near-extinct.