If you'd like an essay-formatted version of this post to read or share, here's a link to it on pluralistic.net, my surveillance-free, ad-free, tracker-free blog:
The Supreme Court has just turned down a petition to hear an appeal in a case that held that AI works can't be copyrighted. By turning down the appeal, the Supreme Court took a massively consequential step to protect creative workers' interests:
At the core of the dispute is a bedrock of copyright law: that copyright is for humans, and humans alone. In legal/technical terms, "copyright inheres at the moment of fixation of a work of human creativity." Most people â even people who work with copyright every day â have not heard it put in those terms. Nevertheless, it is the foundation of international copyright law, and copyright in the USA.
Here's what it means, in plain English:
a) When a human being,
b) does something creative; and
c) that creative act results in a physical record; then
d) a new copyright springs into existence.
For d) to happen, a), b) and c) all have to happen first. All three steps for copyright have been hotly contested over the years. Remember the "monkey selfie," in which a photographer argued that he was entitled to the copyright after a monkey pointed a camera at itself and pressed the shutter button? That image was not copyrightable, because the monkey was a monkey, not a human, and copyright is only for humans:
Then there's b), "doing something creative." Copyright only applies to creative work, not work itself. It doesn't matter how hard you labor over a piece of "IP" â if that work isn't creative, there's no copyright. For example, you can spend a fortune creating a phone directory, and you will get no copyright in the resulting work, meaning anyone can copy and sell it:
If you mix a little creative labor with the hard work, you can get a little copyright. A directory of "all the phone numbers for cool people" can get a "thin" copyright over the arrangement of facts, but such a copyright still leaves space for competitors to make many uses of that work without your permission:
Finally, there's c): copyright is for tangible things, not intangibles. Part of the reason choreographers created a notation system for dance moves is that the moves themselves aren't copyrightable:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_notation
The non-copyrightability of movement is (partly) why the noted sex-pest and millionaire grifter Bikram Choudhury was blocked from claiming copyright on ancient yoga poses (the other reason is that they are ancient!):
Now, AI-generated works are certainly tangible (any work by an AI must involve magnetic traces on digital storage media). The prompts for an AI output can be creative and thus copyrightable (in the same way that notes to a writers' room or from an art-director are). But the output from the AI cannot be copyrighted, because it is not a work of human authorship.
This has been the position of the US Copyright Office from the start, when AI prompters started sending in AI-generated works and seeking to register copyrights in them. Stephen Thaler, a computer scientist who had prompted an image generator to produce a bitmap, kept appealing the Copyright Office's decision, seemingly without regard to the plain facts of the case and the well-established limits of copyright. By attempting to appeal his case all the way to the Supreme Court, Thaler has done every human artist a huge boon: his weak, ill-conceived case was easy for the Supreme Court to reject, and in so doing, the court has cemented the non-copyrightability of AI works in America.
You may have heard the saying, "Hard cases make bad law." Sometimes, there are edge-cases where following the law would result in a bad outcome (think of a Fourth Amendment challenge to an illegal search that lets a murderer go free). In these cases, judges are tempted to interpret the law in ways that distort its principles, and in so doing, create a bad precedent (the evidence from a bad search is permitted, and so cops stop bothering to get a warrant before searching people).
This is one of the rare instances in which a bad case made good law. Thaler's case wasn't even close â it was an absolute loser from the jump. Normally, plaintiffs give up after being shot down by an agency like the Copyright Office or by a lower court. But not Thaler â he stuck with it all the way to the highest court in the land, bringing clarity to an issue that might have otherwise remained blurry and ill-defined for years.
This is wonderful news for creative workers. It means that our bosses must pay humans to do work if they want to be granted copyright on the things they want to sell. The more that humans are involved in the creation of a work, the stronger the copyright on that work becomes â which means that the less a human contributes to a creative work, the harder it will be to prevent others from simply taking it and selling it or giving it away.
This is so important. Our bosses do not want to pay us. When our bosses sue AI companies, it's not because they want to make sure we get paid.
The many pending lawsuits â from news organizations like the New York Times, wholesalers like Getty Images, and entertainment empires like Disney â all seek to establish that training an AI model is a copyright infringement. This is wrong as a technical matter: copyright clearly permits making transient copies of published works for the purpose of factual analysis (otherwise every search engine would be illegal). Copyright also permits performing mathematical analysis on those transient copies. Finally, copyright permits the publication of literary works (including software programs) that embed facts about copyrighted works â even billions of works:
Sure, you can infringe copyright with an AI model â say, by prompting it to produce infringing images. But the mere fact that a technology can be used to infringe copyright doesn't make the technology itself infringing (otherwise every printing press, camera, and computer would be illegal):
Of course, the fact that copyright currently permits training models doesn't mean that it must. Copyright didn't come down from a mountain on two stone tablets. It's just a law, and laws can be amended. I think that amending copyright to ban training a model would inflict substantial collateral damage on everything from search engines to scholarship, but perhaps you disagree. Maybe you think that you could wordsmith a new copyright law that bans training without whacking a bunch of socially beneficial activities.
Even if that's so, it still wouldn't help artists.
To understand why, consider Universal and Disney's lawsuit against Midjourney. The day that lawsuit dropped, I got a press release from the RIAA, signed by its CEO, Mitch Glazier. Here's how it began:
There is a clear path forward through partnerships that both further AI innovation and foster human artistry. Unfortunately, some bad actors â like Midjourney â see only a zero-sum, winner-take-all game.
The RIAA represents record labels, not film studios, but thanks to vertical integration, the big film studios are also the big record labels. That's why the RIAA alerted the press to its position on this suit.
There's two important things to note about the RIAA press release: how it opened, and how it closed. It opens by stating that the companies involved want "partnerships" with AI companies. In other words, if they establish that they have the right to control training on their archives, they won't use that right to prevent the creation of AI models that compete with creative workers. Rather, they will use that right to get paid when those models are created.
Expanding copyright to cover models isn't about preventing generative AI technologies â it's about ensuring that these technologies are licensed by incumbent media companies. This licensure would ensure that media companies would get paid for training, but it would also let them set the terms on which the resulting models were used. The studios could demand that AI companies put "guardrails" on the resulting models to stop them from being used to output things that might compete with the studios' own products.
That's what the opening of this press-release signifies, but to really understand its true meaning, you have to look at the closing of the release: the signature at the bottom of it, "Mitch Glazier, CEO, RIAA."
Who is Mitch Glazier? Well, he used to be a Congressional staffer. He was the guy responsible for sneaking a clause into an unrelated bill that repealed "termination of transfer" for musicians. "Termination" is a part of copyright law that lets creators take back their rights after 35 years, even if they originally signed a contract for a "perpetual license."
Under termination, all kinds of creative workers who got royally screwed at the start of their careers were able to get their copyrights back and re-sell them. The primary beneficiaries of termination are musicians, who signed notoriously shitty contracts in the 1950s-1980s:
https://pluralistic.net/2021/09/26/take-it-back/
When Mitch Glazier snuck a termination-destroying clause into legislation, he set the stage for the poorest, most abused, most admired musicians in recording history to lose access to money that let them buy a couple bags of groceries and make the rent. He condemned these beloved musicians to poverty.
What happened next is something of a Smurfs Family Christmas miracle. Musicians were so outraged by this ripoff, and their fans were so outraged on their behalf, that Congress convened a special session solely to repeal the clause that Mitch Glazier tricked them into voting for. Shortly thereafter, Glazier was out of Congress:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Glazier
But this story has a happy ending for Glazier, too â he might have been out of his government job, but he had a new gig, as CEO of the Recording Industry Association of America, where he earns more than $1.3 million/year to carry on the work he did in Congress â serving the interests of the record labels:
Mitch Glazier serves the interests of the labels, not musicians. He can't serve both interests, because every dime a musician takes home is a dime that the labels don't get to realize as profits. Labels and musicians are class enemies. The fact that many musicians are on the labels' side when they sue AI companies does not mean that the labels are on the musicians' side.
What will the media companies do if they win their lawsuits? Glazier gives us the answer in the opening sentence of his press release: they will create "partnerships" with AI companies to train models on the work we produce.
This is the lesson of the past 40 years of copyright expansion. For 40 years, we have expanded copyright in every way: copyright lasts longer, covers more works, prohibits more uses without licenses, establishes higher penalties, and makes it easier to win those penalties.
Today, the media industry is larger and more profitable than at any time, and the share of those profits that artists take home is smaller than ever.
How has the expansion of copyright led to media companies getting richer and artists getting poorer? That's the question that Rebecca Giblin and I answer in our 2022 book Chokepoint Capitalism. In a nutshell: in a world of five publishers, four studios, three labels, two app companies and one company that controls all ebooks and audiobooks, giving a creative worker more copyright is like giving your bullied kid extra lunch money. It doesn't matter how much lunch money you give that kid â the bullies will take it all, and the kid will go hungry:
Indeed, if you keep giving that kid more lunch money, the bullies will eventually have enough dough that they'll hire a fancy ad-agency to blitz the world with a campaign insisting that our schoolkids are all going hungry and need even more lunch money (they'll take that money, too).
When Mitch Glazier â who got a $1m+/year job for the labels after attempting to pauperize musicans â writes on behalf of Disney in support of a copyright suit to establish that copyright prevents training a model without a license, he's not defending creative workers. Disney, after all, is the company that takes the position that if it buys another company, like Lucasfilm or Fox, that it only acquires the right to use the works we made for those companies, but not the obligation to pay us when they do:
If a new, unambiguous copyright over model training comes into existence â whether through a court precedent or a new law â then all our contracts will be amended to non-negotiably require us to assign that right to our bosses. And our bosses will enter into "partnerships" to train models on our works. And those models will exist for one purpose: to let them create works without paying us.
The market concentration that lets our bosses dictate terms to us is getting much worse, and it's only speeding up. Getty Images â who sued Stability AI over image generation â is merging with Shutterstock:
This is where this new Supreme Court action comes in. A new copyright that covers training is just one more thing these increasingly powerful members of this increasingly incestuous cartel can force us to sign away. That new copyright isn't something for us to bargain with, it's something we'll bargain away.
But the fact that the works that a model produces are automatically in the public domain is something we can't bargain away. It's a legal fact, not a legal right. It means that the more humans there are involved in the creation of a final work, the more copyrightable that work is.
Media bosses love AI because it dangles the tantalizing possibility of running a business without ego-shattering confrontations with creative workers who know how to do things. It's the solipsistic fantasy of a world without workers, in which a media boss conceives of a "product," prompts a sycophantic AI, and receives an item that's ready for sale:
Many bosses know this isn't within reach. They imagine that they'll get the AI to shit out a script and then pay a writer on the cheap to "polish" it. They think they'll get an AI to shit out a motion sequence, a still, or a 3D model and then pay a human artist pennies to put the "final touches" on it. But the Copyright Office's position is that only those human contributions are eligible for a copyright: a few editorial changes, a few pixels or vectors rearranged. Everything else is in the public domain.
Here's the cool part: the only thing our bosses hate more than paying us is when other people take their stuff without paying for it. To achieve the kind of control they demand, they will have to pay us to make creative works.
What's more, the fact that AI-generated works are in the public domain leaves a lot of uses that don't harm creative workers intact. You can amuse yourself and your friends with all the AI slop you can generate; the fact that it's not copyrightable doesn't matter to that use. I happen to think AI "art" is shit, but you do you:
This also means that if you're a writer who likes to brainstorm with a chatbot as you develop an idea, that's fine, so long as the AI's words don't end up in the final product. Creative workers already assemble "mood boards" and clippings for inspiration â so long as these aren't incorporated into the final work, that's fine.
That's just what the Hollywood writers bargained for in their historic strike over AI. They retained the right to use AI if they wanted to, but their bosses couldn't force them to:
The Writers Guild were able to bargain with the heavily concentrated studios because they are organized in a union. Not just any union, either: the Writers Guild (along with the other Hollywood unions) are able to undertake "sectoral bargaining" â that's when a union can negotiate a contract with all the employers in a sector at once.
Sectoral bargaining was once the standard for labor relations, but it was outlawed in the 1947 Taft-Hartley Act, which clawed back many of the important labor rights established with the New Deal's National Labor Relations Act. To get Taft-Hartley through Congress, its authors had to compromise by grandfathering in the powerful Hollywood unions, who retained their right to sectoral bargaining. More than 75 years later, that sectoral bargaining right is still protecting those workers.
Our bosses tell us that we should side with them in demanding a new law: a copyright law that covers training an AI model. The mere fact that our bosses want this should set off alarm bells. Just because we're on their side, it doesn't mean they're on our side. They are not.
If we're going to use our muscle to fight for a new law, let it be a sectoral bargaining law â one that covers all workers. You can tell that this would be good for us because our bosses would hate it, and every other worker in America would love it. The Writers Guild used sectoral bargaining to achieve something that 40 years of copyright expansion failed at: it made creative workers richer, rather than giving us another way to be angry about how our work is being used.
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The creative labor industry (CLI) has become an increasingly popular field especially for people who are unable to receive a formal education in other fields. Late capitalism has certainly taken advantage of the popularity of Do-It-Yourself (DIY) trend that has permeated CLIs. Capialist markets need the originalty of creative laborers to increase capital gains and maintain easily-identifiable products/brands.Â
Consequently, capitalist markets ensure independent contractors (ICs) remain underpaid/underemployed to support a highly profitable CLI. Reliance on ICs has led to a dramatic decrease in professional digital graphic design (DGD), which distinctly disengages with white male narratives, because of technological advances that make the field more accessible to workers who would otherwise be excluded. Although accessiblity has increased, clients/buyers and âemployersâ of DGD workers have degraded working conditions for workers--both professional and amateur--by structuring the industry in an assembly-line-like fashion that maintains precarity as workers are ICs rather than employees working from home.Â
Technology Democratizes Industries; Chips Away at Barriers Based on Racism/Misogyny/Classism
The term âprofessionalâ has largely been claimed by white male hierarchal figures who have plenty of access to resources that allow them to claim authority in certain fields including access to secondary and tertiary education, connections, money, and apprenticeships. The advent of certain technologies, which are easily pirated on at-home desktops and personal computers, such as Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop, has a (limited, but still releveant) democratizing effect on CLIs; democratizing these industries breaks down the barriers that certain people who are not read as educated, middle class, white, and/or male are otherwise unable to access. As the internet became more accessible, tutorials and the DIY culture expanded whichÂ
âdemocratiz[ed] the design process through amateur practices...allow[ing] individuals to find personal meaning and that open up design to a wider range of participants.â (Beegan, Gerry, and Paul Atkinson. âProfessionalism, Amateurism and the Boundaries of Design.â Journal of Design History, vol. 21, no. 4, 2008, pp. 305-313. JSTOR).
DIY allows individuals interested in certain CLIs to learn and practice techniques and theory of design without leaving their homes--no applying to prestigious (re: expensive) universities with no guaranteed careers after. DIY has allowed individuals (who have access to internet and a desktop computer) to gain access to an affordable (re: practically free) education that the higher educational institution would bar fromt heir either based on class, exposure, or age. DIY allows individuals to bypass gatekeepers of education, which certain allows them to avoid commercial uniformity where everyone gets the same education in university settings that the corporate world relies on for professional standardization.Â
My interviewee for this research, Alicia Garcia (a Latina in Texas), certainly acknowledges the advantages of DIY work and appreciates the democratization of the industry. As a lifelong passion, Photoshop and Illustrator have allowed her to launch herself into the industry without formal education--one that is otherwise too expensive and, as she believes, not in her best interests. Working from home as an IC allows her to âstay at home, with [her son], and raise him.â (Personal interview. Alicia Garcia. November 8, 2017). Although Alicia states sometimes the precarity of employment affects her financial situation, she would still much prefer working from home so she may continue her duties as a mother and a partner to her husband. IC work allows Miss Garcia to have a certain freedom to do what she wants, and how she wants to. Unfortunately, as further research has provided, it seems this liberty of work in the CLI has been mostly restricted to white men who have authority and âprofessionalâ accreditation.Â
Hey friends! Just letting you know I have a Ko-Fi page now. Ko-Fi is a website that lets you leave small tips for content. Youâll see a link in the header of my blog and on select posts.
I like the tipping model because it is completely voluntary, works for people like me who (at the moment) donât create any kind of content on a regular-enough schedule to fit the Patreon model, but still provides a small way to acknowledge the creative labor people put into making art and writing even when those things are done on our own terms for fun and not on commission/assignment.
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Raymond Biesingerâs â9 Times My Work Has Been Ripped Offâ
I'm on a tour with my new book, the international bestseller Enshittification: catch me next in Miami, Burbank, Lisbon! Full schedule here (New dates just added in San Diego and Denver!).
Raymond Biesinger's new book 9 Times My Work Has Been Ripped Off is a masterclass in how creative workers can transform the endless, low-grade seething about the endless ripoffs of the industry into something productive and even profound:
Biesinger is an iconic designer and illustrator whose instantly recognizable style and entrepreneurial hustle have allowed him to achieve the coveted and elusive status of full-time, economically secure(ish) artist. But over the years â and even in recent times â Beisigner has found himself in the all-too-common and endlessly frustrating circumstance of being owed money by people who refuse to pay it. The sums involved are typically small by the standards of corporate budgets, but it's what Biesinger calls "needed money" â money that makes a huge difference to the life of the artist to whom it is owed.
Speaking from personal experience, getting stiffed is one of the most embittering things that can happen to a creative worker â or any worker (as the tradespeople who've had their wages stolen by Trump can attest). I remember every time I got shafted by a client and often find my mind returning to those humiliating, frustrating moments.
There was the "friend" who hired me to do some work and then just decided never to pay me the $150 we agreed on. There was the university prof who asked me to speak to his class and promised me reimbursement for the taxi and then stiffed me for 20 quid. There was the international magazine who commissioned a short story from me, accepted it, then tried to cram a bullshit contract down my throat and refused to discuss any modifications to its terrible terms, finally stiffing me for the $500 they owed me.
There was the largest publisher in the world, who commissioned a novella from me for an anthology, promising me tens of thousands of dollars, who accepted the novella, and then "discovered" they hadn't ever finalized the contract for the anthology and canceled it, stiffing me in the process. The fact that I went on to sell that novella several times over, both in book form and as a graphic novel, and for film rights (twice!), making far more money in the process, doesn't make me any less angry about these fuckers who just screwed me without a second thought.
Objectively speaking, there is no reason for me to dwell on these little humiliations. It doesn't do me any good. It doesn't make the dickheads who screwed me feel bad. It is, as the proverb goes, "drinking poison and hoping your enemy dies." But I can't help it.
Neither, it seems, can Biesinger. But unlike me, Biesinger has found an incredibly productive â and inspiring â way to deal with that otherwise pointless seething. In 9 Times My Work Has Been Ripped Off, Biesinger reflects on the nine titular ripoffs, telling the story of how he got ripped off, what he did to get his own back, how he felt about it at the time, and how he feels about it in retrospect.
The book's subtitle ("An informal self-defense guide for independent creatives") sets up this book as a kind of manual for navigating these situations in your own life, and there's plenty of that in here â successes and failures for the rest of us to learn from. These stories are often very satisfying, as the little guy gets the justice he deserves. But the most interesting part of this book is Biesinger's reflections on the meaning of the different ripoffs he confronted, and how they relate to his own work.
Because â as Biesinger will tell you â he rips stuff off, too. All artists do. "Good artists copy; great artists steal." (said Picasso) (who was ripping off Faulkner) (or Stravinsky) (or Eliot) (or Trilling). He carefully parses through the muddied ethics of lifting elements for collage, for inspiration, and just because you forgot that you weren't supposed to. Much of Biesinger's early work was collage, and (as a collagist myself), and you can't do that work without developing complicated feelings about creative ownership.
Biesinger also straddles a line between commercial illustrator, producing commissioned pieces to order for magazine and advertising art directors; and fine artist, making "artistic" pieces for his own satisfaction, and selling these as prints. While he's proud of all this work, it's clear that how he relates to his own work depends a great deal on whether it falls into the former category or the latter. Part of that difference is a blanket prohibition on licensing his "artistic" pieces for commercial work.
This just adds to the moral complexity of Biesinger's deliberations: when an extremely well-funded charity misappropriates an "artistic" piece to accompany an exemplary article on women's health advocacy, he wrestles with a whole suite of concerns and mitigations â the "charity"'s reputation as a money-laundry for a wealthy plutocrat, his support for the article, his principle about not licensing his "artistic" work. It's typical of the kind of nuance that Biesinger brings to these chapters.
Also fascinating is Biesinger's chapter about a fan who solicited artistic advice from him, but went on to produce a portfolio of uncredited knock-offs of Biesinger's own signature style. Biesinger describes how he blasted this young artist for abusing his goodwill and unjustly profiting from Biesinger's own work developing his style, and then, in later years, repented of his angry outburst. In a delightful coda, Biesinger recounts how he looked up this artist years later, only to discover that he had matured into a talented, original, successful and ambitious creator. When Biesinger emailed the artist to apologize for his furious letter, the other artist replied that Biesinger's blast had been the kick in the pants he'd needed to finally figure out his own style, and he credits his later success to Biesinger's fury.
At the root of all nine tales of ripoffs is the inadequacy and/or inappropriateness of the legal system as a tool for redress when an independent creator is ripped off. In the case of commercial ripoffs â by agencies large and small, by fly-by-night concert promoters, by gallerists peddling unauthorized reproductions â the sums involved are usually far too small to involve lawyers or the courts. In the case of disputes with other artists â like the copyist who bit Biesinger's style â the law is (rightly) silent, because styles are not copyrightable.
In telling these nine tales, Biesinger beautifully illustrates the limitations of copyright as the sole regulator of creative activity. Copyright law (and its cousin, contract law) might be suitable for mediating commercial transactions between creative workers and businesses, but it's utterly unsuitable for other kinds of interactions, including interactions between artistic peers, or between artists and creators working in related disciplines. The most important thing that Biesinger is doing in this book is setting out a continuum of relationships and detailing many of the different tools available to creators to resolve disputes arising at different points on that continuum.
Given Biesinger's justly deserved fame as an illustrator, this is also a beautiful book, published in pocket-sized trim by Drawn & Quarterly, one of the world's great indie comics presses. The many, many illustrations in this small volume don't just bring the subject matter to life â they're artistic delights in their own right. It's a reminder of how wonderful the "art" part of all this stuff is, and how that complicates the all too familiar labor issues at the book's core.
If you'd like an essay-formatted version of this post to read or share, here's a link to it on pluralistic.net, my surveillance-free, ad-free, tracker-free blog:
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I'm on tour with my new novel The Bezzle! Catch me next in SALT LAKE CITY (Feb 21, Weller Book Works) and SAN DIEGO (Feb 22, Mysterious Galaxy). After that, it's LA, Seattle, Portland, Phoenix and more!
Enshittification describes how platforms go bad, which is also how the internet goes bad, because the internet is made of platforms, which is weird, because platforms are intermediaries and we were promised that the internet would disintermediate the world:
The internet did disintermediate a hell of a lot of intermediaries â that is, "middlemen" â but then it created a bunch more of these middlemen, who coalesced into a handful of gatekeepers, or as the EU calls them "VLOPs" (Very Large Online Platforms, the most EU acronym ever).
Which raises two questions: first, why did so many of us end up flocking to these intermediaries' sites, and how did those sites end up with so much power?
To answer the first question, I want you to consider one of my favorite authors: Crad Kilodney (RIP):
https://archive.org/details/thecradkilodneypapers
When I was growing up, Crad was a fixture on the streets of Toronto. All through the day and late into the evening, winter or summer, Crad would stand on the street with a sign around his neck ("Very famous Canadian author, buy my books, $2" or sometimes just "Margaret Atwood, buy my books, $2"). He wrote these deeply weird, often very funny short stories, which he edited, typeset, printed, bound and sold himself, one at a time, to people who approached him on the street.
I had a lot of conversations with Crad â as an aspiring writer, I was endlessly fascinated by him and his books. He was funny, acerbic â and sneaky. Crad wore a wire: he kept a hidden tape recorder rolling in his coat and he secretly recorded conversations with people like me, and then released a series of home-duplicated tapes of the weirdest and funniest ones:
But â and this is the crucial part â there are writers out there I want to hear from who couldn't do what Crad did. Maybe they can write books, but not edit them. Or edit them, but not typeset them. Or typeset, but not print. Or print, but not spend the rest of their lives standing on a street-corner with a "PUTRID SCUM" sign around their neck.
Which is fine. That's why we have intermediaries. I like booksellers (I was one!). I like publishers. I like distributors. I like their salesforce, who go forth and convince the booksellers of the world to stock books like mine. I have ten million things I want to do before I die, and I'm already 52, and being a sales-rep for a publisher isn't on my bucket list. I am so thankful that someone else wants to do this for me.
That's why we have intermediaries, and why disintermediation always leads to some degree of re-intermediation. There's a lot of explicit and implicit knowledge and specialized skill required to connect buyers and sellers, creators and audiences, and other sides of two-sided markets. Some producers can do some of this stuff for themselves, and a very few â like Crad â can do it all, but most of us need some help, somewhere along the way. In the excellent 2022 book Direct, Kathryn Judge lays out a clear case for all the good that middlemen can do:
So why were we all so anxious for disintermediation back in the late 1990s? Here's a hint: it wasn't because we hated intermediaries â it was because we hated powerful intermediaries.
The point of an intermediary is to serve as a conduit between producers and consumers, buyers and sellers, audiences and creators. When an intermediary gains power over the audience â say, by locking them inside a walled garden â and then uses that lock-in to screw producers and appropriate an ever larger share of the value going between them, that's when intermediaries become a problem.
The problem isn't that someone will handle ticketing for your gig. The problem is that Ticketmaster has locked down all the ticketing, and the venues, and the promotions, and it uses that power to gouge fans and rip off artists:
The problem isn't that there's a well-made website that lets you shop for goods sold by many small merchants and producers. It's that Amazon has cornered this market, takes $0.51 out of every dollar you spend there, and clones and destroys any small merchant who succeeds on the platform:
The problem isn't that there's a website where you can stream most of the music ever recorded. It's that Spotify colludes with the Big Three labels to rip off artists and sneaks crap you don't want to hear into your stream in order to collect payola:
The problem isn't that there's a website where you can buy any audiobook you want. It's that Amazon's Audible locks every book to its platform forever and steals hundreds of millions of dollars from creators:
The problem, in other words, isn't intermediation â it's power. The thing that distinguishes a useful intermediary from an enshittified bully is power. Intermediaries gain power when our governments stop enforcing competition law. This lets intermediaries buy each other up and corner markets. Once they've formed cozy cartels, they can capture their regulators and commit rampant labor, privacy and consumer violations with impunity. That capture also lets them harness governments to punish smaller players that want to free workers, creators, audiences and customers from walled gardens. It also hands them a whip-hand over their workers, so that any worker who refuses to aid in these nefarious plans can be easily fired:
A world with intermediaries is a better world. As much as I love Crad Kilodney's books, I wouldn't want to live in a world where the only books on my shelves came from people prepared to stand on a street-corner wearing a "FOUL PUS FROM DEAD DOGS" sign.
The problem isn't intermediaries â it's powerful intermediaries. That's why the world's surging antitrust movement is so exciting: by reinstating competition law, we can keep intermediaries small and comparatively weak, so that creators and audiences, drivers and riders, sellers and buyers, and other groups seeking to connect will not find themselves made subservient to middlemen.
If you'd like an essay-formatted version of this post to read or share, here's a link to it on pluralistic.net, my surveillance-free, ad-free, tracker-free blog:
Copyright won't solve creators' Generative AIÂ problem
The media spectacle of generative AI (in which AI companiesâ breathless claims of their softwareâs sorcerous powers are endlessly repeated) has understandably alarmed many creative workers, a group thatâs already traumatized by extractive abuse by media and tech companies.
If youâd like an essay-formatted version of this post to read or share, hereâs a link to it on pluralistic.net, my surveillance-free, ad-free, tracker-free blog:
Even though the claims about âAIâ are overblown and overhyped, creators are right to be alarmed. Their bosses would like nothing more than to fire them and replace them with pliable software. The âcreativeâ industries talk a lot about how audiences should be paying for creative works, but the companies that bring creatorsâ works to market treat their own payments to creators as a cost to be minimized.
Creative labor markets are primarily regulated through copyright: the exclusive rights that accrue to creators at the moment that their works are âfixated.â Media and tech companies then bargain to buy or license those rights. The theory goes that the more expansive those rights are, the more theyâll be worth to corporations, and the more theyâll pay creators for them.
Thatâs the theory. In practice, weâve spent 40 years expanding copyright. Weâve made it last longer; expanded it to cover more works, hiked the statutory damages for infringements and made it easier to prove violations. This has made the entertainment industry larger and more profitableâââbut the share of those profits going to creators has declined, both in real terms and proportionately.
In other words, today creators have more copyright, the companies that buy creatorsâ copyrights have more profits, but creators are poorer than they were 40 years ago. How can this be so?
As Rebecca Giblin and I explain in our book Chokepoint Capitalism, the sums creators get from media and tech companies arenât determined by how durable or far-reaching copyright isââârather, theyâre determined by the structure of the creative market.
https://chokepointcapitalism.com/
The market is concentrated into monopolies. We have five big publishers, four big studios, three big labels, two big ad-tech companies, and one gargantuan ebook/audiobook company. The internet has been degraded into âfive giant websites, each filled with screenshots from the other fourâ:
Under these conditions, giving a creator more copyright is like giving a bullied schoolkid extra lunch money. It doesnât matter how much lunch money you give that kidâââthe bullies will take it all, and the kid will still go hungry (thatâs still true even if the bullies spend some of that stolen lunch money on a PR campaign urging us all to think of the hungry children and give them even more lunch money):
But creative workers have been conditionedâââby big media and tech companiesâââto reflexively turn to copyright as the cure-all for every pathology, and, predictably, there are loud, insistent calls (and a growing list of high-profile lawsuits) arguing that training a machine-learning system is a copyright infringement.
This is a bad theory. First, itâs bad as a matter of copyright law. Fundamentally, machine learning systems ingest a lot of works, analyze them, find statistical correlations between them, and then use those to make new works. Itâs a math-heavy version of what every creator does: analyze how the works they admire are made, so they can make their own new works.
If you go through the pages of an art-book analyzing the color schemes or ratios of noses to foreheads in paintings you like, you are not infringing copyright. We should not create a new right to decide who is allowed to think hard about your creative works and learn from themâââsuch a right would make it impossible for the next generation of creators to (lawfully) learn their craft:
(Sometimes, ML systems will plagiarize their own training data; that could be copyright infringement; but a) ML systems will doubtless get guardrails that block this plagiarism; and, b) even after that happens, creators will still worry about being displaced by ML systems trained on their works.)
We should learn from our recent history here. When sampling became a part of commercial hiphop music, some creators clamored for the right to control who could sample their work and to get paid when that happened. The musicians who sampled argued that inserting a few bars from a recording was akin to a jazz trumpeter who works a few bars of a popular song into a solo. They lost that argument, and today, anyone who wants to release a song commercially will be requiredâââby radio stations, labels, and distributorsâââthe clear that sample.
This change didnât make musicians better off. The Big Three labelsâââSony, Warners, and Universal, who control 70% of the worldâs recorded musicââânow require musicians to sign away the rights to samples from their works. The labels also refuse to sell sampling licenses to musicians unless they are signed to one of the Big Three.
Thus, producing music with a sample requires that you take whatever terms the Big Three impose on you, including giving up the right to control sampling of your music. We gave the schoolkids more lunch money and the bullies took that, too.
The monopolists who control the creative industries are already getting ahead of the curve on this one. Companies that hire voice actors are requiring those actors to sign away the (as yet nonexistant) right to train a machine-learning model with their voices:
The National Association of Voice Actors is (quite rightly) advising its members not to sign contracts that make this outrageous demand, and they note that union actors are having success getting these clauses struck, even retroactively:
https://navavoices.org/synth-ai/
Thatâs not surprisingâââlabor unions have a much better track record of getting artistsâ paid than giving creators copyright and expecting them to bargain individually for the best deal they can get. But for non-union creatorsâââthe majority of usâââgetting this language struck is going to be a lot harder. Indeed, we already sign contracts full of absurd, unconscionable nonsense that our publishers, labels and studios refuse to negotiate:
Some of the loudest calls for exclusive rights over ML training are coming not from workers, but from media and tech companies. We creative workers canât afford to let corporations create this rightâââand not just because they will use it against us. These corporations also have a track record of creating new exclusive rights that bite them in the ass.
For decades, media companies stretched copyright to cover works that were similar to existing works, trying to merge the idea of âinspired byâ and âcopied from,â assuming that they would be the ones preventing others from making âsimilarâ new works.
But they failed to anticipate the (utterly predictable) rise of copyright trolls, who launched a string of lawsuits arguing that popular songs copied tiny phrases (or just the âfeelâ) of their clientsâ songs. Pharrell Williams and Robin Thickeâs got sued into radioactive rubble by Marvin Gayeâs estate over their song âBlurred Linesââââwhich didnât copy any of Gayeâs words or melodies, but rather, took its âfeelâ:
Today, every successful musician lives in dread of a multi-million-dollar lawsuit over incidental similarities to obscure tracks. Last spring, Ed Sheeran beat such a suit, but it was a hollow victory. As Sheeran said, with 60,000 new tracks being uploaded to Spotify every day, these similarities are inevitable:
The major labels are worried about this problem, tooâââbut they are at a loss as to what to do about it. They are completely wedded to the idea that every part of music should be converted to property, so that they can expropriate it from creators and add it to their own bulging portfolios. Like a monkey trapped because it has reached through a hole into a hollow log to grab a banana that wonât fit back through the hole, the labels canât bring themselves to let go.
Thatâs the curse of the monkeyâs paw: the entertainment giants argued for everything to be converted to a tradeable exclusive rightâââand now the industry is being threatened by trolls and ML creeps who are bent on acquiring their own vast troves of pseudo-property.
Thereâs a better way. As NAVA president Tim Friedlander told Motherboardâs Joseph Cox, âNAVA is not anti-synthetic voices or anti-AI, we are pro voice actor. We want to ensure that voice actors are actively and equally involved in the evolution of our industry and donât lose their agency or ability to be compensated fairly for their work and talent.â
This is as good a distillation of the true Luddite ethic as you could ask for. After all, the Luddites didnât oppose textile automation: rather, they wanted a stake in its rollout and a fair share of its dividends:
Turning every part of the creative process into âIPâ hasnât made creators better off. All thatâs itâs accomplished is to make it harder to create without taking terms from a giant corporation, whose terms inevitably include forcing you to trade all your IP away to them. Thatâs something that Spider Robinson prophesied in his Hugo-winning 1982 story, âMelancholy Elephantsâ:
This week (Feb 8â17), Iâll be in Australia, touring my book Chokepoint Capitalism with my co-author, Rebecca Giblin. Weâre doing a remote event for NZ on Feb 13. Next are Melbourne (Feb 14), Sydney (Feb 15) and Canberra (Feb 16/17). I hope to see you!
CC BY 3.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en
[Image ID: A poster for the 1933 movie âThe Monkeyâs Paw.â The fainting ingenue has been replaced by the glaring red eye of HAL9000 from 2001: A Space Odyssey.]
Here is how platforms die: first, they are good to their users; then they abuse their users to make things better for their business customers; finally, they abuse those business customers to claw back all the value for themselves. Then, they die.
If youâd like an essay-formatted version of this post to read or share, hereâs a link to it on pluralistic.net, my surveillance-free, ad-free, tracker-free blog:
I call this enshittification, and it is a seemingly inevitable consequence arising from the combination of the ease of changing how a platform allocates value, combined with the nature of a âtwo sided market,â where a platform sits between buyers and sellers, hold each hostage to the other, raking off an ever-larger share of the value that passes between them.
When a platform starts, it needs users, so it makes itself valuable to users. Think of Amazon: for many years, it operated at a loss, using its access to the capital markets to subsidize everything you bought. It sold goods below cost and shipped them below cost. It operated a clean and useful search. If you searched for a product, Amazon tried its damndest to put it at the top of the search results.
This was a hell of a good deal for Amazonâs customers. Lots of us piled in, and lots of brick-and-mortar retailers withered and died, making it hard to go elsewhere. Amazon sold us ebooks and audiobooks that were permanently locked to its platform with DRM, so that every dollar we spent on media was a dollar weâd have to give up if we deleted Amazon and its apps. And Amazon sold us Prime, getting us to pre-pay for a yearâs worth of shipping. Prime customers start their shopping on Amazon, and 90% of the time, they donât search anywhere else.
That tempted in lots of business customersâââMarketplace sellers who turned Amazon into the âeverything storeâ it had promised from the beginning. As these sellers piled in, Amazon shifted to subsidizing suppliers. Kindle and Audible creators got generous packages. Marketplace sellers reached huge audiences and Amazon took low commissions from them.
This strategy meant that it became progressively harder for shoppers to find things anywhere except Amazon, which meant that they only searched on Amazon, which meant that sellers had to sell on Amazon.
Thatâs when Amazon started to harvest the surplus from its business customers and send it to Amazonâs shareholders. Today, Marketplace sellers are handing 45%+ of the sale price to Amazon in junk fees. The companyâs $31b âadvertisingâ program is really a payola scheme that pits sellers against each other, forcing them to bid on the chance to be at the top of your search.
Searching Amazon doesnât produce a list of the products that most closely match your search, it brings up a list of products whose sellers have paid the most to be at the top of that search. Those fees are built into the cost you pay for the product, and Amazonâs âMost Favored Nationâ requirement sellers means that they canât sell more cheaply elsewhere, so Amazon has driven prices at every retailer.
Search Amazon for âcat bedsâ and the entire first screen is ads, including ads for products Amazon cloned from its own sellers, putting them out of business (third parties have to pay 45% in junk fees to Amazon, but Amazon doesnât charge itself these fees). All told, the first five screens of results for âcat bedâ are 50% ads.
This is enshittification: surpluses are first directed to users; then, once theyâre locked in, surpluses go to suppliers; then once theyâre locked in, the surplus is handed to shareholders and the platform becomes a useless pile of shit. From mobile app stores to Steam, from Facebook to Twitter, this is the enshittification lifecycle.
This is whyâââas Cat Valente wrote in her magesterial pre-Christmas essayâââplatforms like Prodigy transformed themselves overnight, from a place where you went for social connection to a place where you were expected to âstop talking to each other and start buying thingsâ:
This shell-game with surpluses is what happened to Facebook. First, Facebook was good to you: it showed you the things the people you loved and cared about had to say. This created a kind of mutual hostage-taking: once a critical mass of people you cared about were on Facebook, it became effectively impossible to leave, because youâd have to convince all of them to leave too, and agree on where to go. You may love your friends, but half the time you canât agree on what movie to see and where to go for dinner. Forget it.
Then, it started to cram your feed full of posts from accounts you didnât follow. At first, it was media companies, who Facebook preferentially crammed down its usersâ throats so that they would click on articles and send traffic to newspapers, magazines and blogs.
Then, once those publications were dependent on Facebook for their traffic, it dialed down their traffic. First, it choked off traffic to publications that used Facebook to run excerpts with links to their own sites, as a way of driving publications into supplying fulltext feeds inside Facebookâs walled garden.
This made publications truly dependent on Facebookâââtheir readers no longer visited the publicationsâ websites, they just tuned into them on Facebook. The publications were hostage to those readers, who were hostage to each other. Facebook stopped showing readers the articles publications ran, tuning The Algorithm to suppress posts from publications unless they paid to âboostâ their articles to the readers who had explicitly subscribed to them and asked Facebook to put them in their feeds.
Now, Facebook started to cram more ads into the feed, mixing payola from people you wanted to hear from with payola from strangers who wanted to commandeer your eyeballs. It gave those advertisers a great deal, charging a pittance to target their ads based on the dossiers of nonconsensually harvested personal data theyâd stolen from you.
Sellers became dependent on Facebook, too, unable to carry on business without access to those targeted pitches. That was Facebookâs cue to jack up ad prices, stop worrying so much about ad fraud, and to collude with Google to rig the ad market through an illegal program called Jedi Blue:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedi_Blue
Today, Facebook is terminally enshittified, a terrible place to be whether youâre a user, a media company, or an advertiser. Itâs a company that deliberately demolished a huge fraction of the publishers it relied on, defrauding them into a âpivot to videoâ based on false claims of the popularity of video among Facebook users. Companies threw billions into the pivot, but the viewers never materialized, and media outlets folded in droves:
But Facebook has a new pitch. It claims to be called Meta, and it has demanded that we live out the rest of our days as legless, sexless, heavily surveilled low-poly cartoon characters.
It has promised companies that make apps for this metaverse that it wonât rug them the way it did the publishers on the old Facebook. It remains to be seen whether theyâll get any takers. As Mark Zuckerberg once candidly confessed to a peer, marvelling at all of his fellow Harvard students who sent their personal information to his new website âTheFacebookâ:
Once you understand the enshittification pattern, a lot of the platform mysteries solve themselves. Think of the SEO market, or the whole energetic world of online creators who spend endless hours engaged in useless platform Kremlinology, hoping to locate the algorithmic tripwires, which, if crossed, doom the creative works they pour their money, time and energy into:
Working for the platform can be like working for a boss who takes money out of every paycheck for all the rules you broke, but who wonât tell you what those rules are because if he told you that, then youâd figure out how to break those rules without him noticing and docking your pay. Content moderation is the only domain where security through obscurity is considered a best practice:
The situation is so dire that organizations like Tracking Exposed have enlisted an human army of volunteers and a robot army of headless browsers to try to unwind the logic behind the arbitrary machine judgments of The Algorithm, both to give users the option to tune the recommendations they receive, and to help creators avoid the wage theft that comes from being shadow banned:
But what if there is no underlying logic? Or, more to the point, what if the logic shifts based on the platformâs priorities? If you go down to the midway at your county fair, youâll spot some poor sucker walking around all day with a giant teddy bear that they won by throwing three balls in a peach basket.
The peach-basket is a rigged game. The carny can use a hidden switch to force the balls to bounce out of the basket. No one wins a giant teddy bear unless the carny wants them to win it. Why did the carny let the sucker win the giant teddy bear? So that heâd carry it around all day, convincing other suckers to put down five bucks for their chance to win one:
The carny allocated a giant teddy bear to that poor sucker the way that platforms allocate surpluses to key performersâââas a convincer in a âBig Storeâ con, a way to rope in other suckers whoâll make content for the platform, anchoring themselves and their audiences to it.
Which brings me to Tiktok. Tiktok is many different things, including âa free Adobe Premiere for teenagers that live on their phones.â
But what made it such a success early on was the power of its recommendation system. From the start, Tiktok was really, really good at recommending things to its users. Eerily good:
https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1093882880
By making good-faith recommendations of things it thought its users would like, Tiktok built a mass audience, larger than many thought possible, given the death grip of its competitors, like Youtube and Instagram. Now that Tiktok has the audience, it is consolidating its gains and seeking to lure away the media companies and creators who are still stubbornly attached to Youtube and Insta.
Yesterday, Forbesâs Emily Baker-White broke a fantastic story about how that actually works inside of Bytedance, Tiktokâs parent company, citing multiple internal sources, revealing the existence of a âheating toolâ that Tiktok employees use push videos from select accounts into millions of viewersâ feeds:
These videos go into Tiktok usersâ ForYou feeds, which Tiktok misleadingly describes as being populated by videos âranked by an algorithm that predicts your interests based on your behavior in the app.â In reality, For You is only sometimes composed of videos that Tiktok thinks will add value to your experienceâââthe rest of the time, itâs full of videos that Tiktok has inserted in order to make creators think that Tiktok is a great place to reach an audience.
âSources told Forbes that TikTok has often used heating to court influencers and brands, enticing them into partnerships by inflating their videosâ view count. This suggests that heating has potentially benefitted some influencers and brandsâââthose with whom TikTok has sought business relationshipsâââat the expense of others with whom it has not.â
In other words, Tiktok is handing out giant teddy bears.
But Tiktok is not in the business of giving away giant teddy bears. Tiktok, for all that its origins are in the quasi-capitalist Chinese economy, is just another paperclip-maximizing artificial colony organism that treats human beings as inconvenient gut flora. Tiktok is only going to funnel free attention to the people it wants to entrap until they are entrapped, then it will withdraw that attention and begin to monetize it.
âMonetizeâ is a terrible word that tacitly admits that there is no such thing as an âAttention Economy.â You canât use attention as a medium of exchange. You canât use it as a store of value. You canât use it as a unit of account. Attention is like cryptocurrency: a worthless token that is only valuable to the extent that you can trick or coerce someone into parting with âfiatâ currency in exchange for it. You have to âmonetizeâ itâââthat is, you have to exchange the fake money for real money.
In the case of cryptos, the main monetization strategy was deception-based. Exchanges and âprojectsâ handed out a bunch of giant teddy-bears, creating an army of true-believer Judas goats who convinced their peers to hand the carny their money and try to get some balls into the peach-basket themselves.
But deception only produces so much âliquidity provision.â Eventually, you run out of suckers. To get lots of people to try the ball-toss, you need coercion, not persuasion. Think of how US companies ended the defined benefits pension that guaranteed you a dignified retirement, replacing it with market-based 401(k) pensions that forced you to gamble your savings in a rigged casino, making you the sucker at the table, ripe for the picking:
Early crypto liquidity came from ransomware. The existence of a pool of desperate, panicked companies and individuals whose data had been stolen by criminals created a baseline of crypto liquidity because they could only get their data back by trading real money for fake crypto money.
The next phase of crypto coercion was Web3: converting the web into a series of tollbooths that you could only pass through by trading real money for fake crypto money. The internet is a must-have, not a nice-to-have, a prerequisite for full participation in employment, education, family life, health, politics, civics, even romance. By holding all those things to ransom behind crypto tollbooths, the hodlers hoped to convert their tokens to real money:
For Tiktok, handing out free teddy-bears by âheatingâ the videos posted by skeptical performers and media companies is a way to convert them to true believers, getting them to push all their chips into the middle of the table, abandoning their efforts to build audiences on other platforms (it helps that Tiktokâs format is distinctive, making it hard to repurpose videos for Tiktok to circulate on rival platforms).
Once those performers and media companies are hooked, the next phase will begin: Tiktok will withdraw the âheatingâ that sticks their videos in front of people who never heard of them and havenât asked to see their videos. Tiktok is performing a delicate dance here: thereâs only so much enshittification they can visit upon their usersâ feeds, and Tiktok has lots of other performers they want to give giant teddy-bears to.
Tiktok wonât just starve performers of the âfreeâ attention by depreferencing them in the algorithm, it will actively punish them by failing to deliver their videos to the users who subscribed to them. After all, every time Tiktok shows you a video you asked to see, it loses a chance to show you a video it wants you to see, because your attention is a giant teddy-bear it can give away to a performer it is wooing.
This is just what Twitter has done as part of its march to enshittification: thanks to its âmonetizationâ changes, the majority of people who follow you will never see the things you post. I have ~500k followers on Twitter and my threads used to routinely get hundreds of thousands or even millions of reads. Today, itâs hundreds, perhaps thousands.
I just handed Twitter $8 for Twitter Blue, because the company has strongly implied that it will only show the things I post to the people who asked to see them if I pay ransom money. This is the latest battle in one of the internetâs longest-simmering wars: the fight over end-to-end:
In the beginning, there were Bellheads and Netheads. The Bellheads worked for big telcos, and they believed that all the value of the network rightly belonged to the carrier. If someone invented a new featureâââsay, Caller IDâââit should only be rolled out in a way that allows the carrier to charge you every month for its use. This is Software-As-a-Service, Ma Bell style.
The Netheads, by contrast, believed that value should move to the edges of the networkâââspread out, pluralized. In theory, Compuserve could have âmonetizedâ its own version of Caller ID by making you pay $2.99 extra to see the âFrom:â line on email before you opened the messageâââcharging you to know who was speaking before you started listeningâââbut they didnât.
The Netheads wanted to build diverse networks with lots of offers, lots of competition, and easy, low-cost switching between competitors (thanks to interoperability). Some wanted this because they believed that the net would someday be woven into the world, and they didnât want to live in a world of rent-seeking landlords. Others were true believers in market competition as a source of innovation. Some believed both things. Either way, they saw the risk of network capture, the drive to monetization through trickery and coercion, and they wanted to head it off.
They conceived of the end-to-end principle: the idea that networks should be designed so that willing speakersâ messages would be delivered to willing listenersâ end-points as quickly and reliably as they could be. That is, irrespective of whether a network operator could make money by sending you the data it wanted to receive, its duty would be to provide you with the data you wanted to see.
The end-to-end principle is dead at the service level today. Useful idiots on the right were tricked into thinking that the risk of Twitter mismanagement was âwoke shadowbanning,â whereby the things you said wouldnât reach the people who asked to hear them because Twitterâs deep state didnât like your opinions. The real risk, of course, is that the things you say wonât reach the people who asked to hear them because Twitter can make more money by enshittifying their feeds and charging you ransom for the privilege to be included in them.
As I said at the start of this essay, enshittification exerts a nearly irresistible gravity on platform capitalism. Itâs just too easy to turn the enshittification dial up to eleven. Twitter was able to fire the majority of its skilled staff and still crank the dial all the way over, even with a skeleton crew of desperate, demoralized H1B workers who are shackled to Twitterâs sinking ship by the threat of deportation.
The temptation to enshittify is magnified by the blocks on interoperability: when Twitter bans interoperable clients, nerfs its APIs, and periodically terrorizes its users by suspending them for including their Mastodon handles in their bios, it makes it harder to leave Twitter, and thus increases the amount of enshittification users can be force-fed without risking their departure.
Twitter is not going to be a âprotocol.â Iâll bet you a testicleÂč that projects like Bluesky will find no meaningful purchase on the platform, because if Bluesky were implemented and Twitter users could order their feeds for minimal enshittification and leave the service without sacrificing their social networks, it would kill the majority of Twitterâs âmonetizationâ strategies.
ÂčNot one of mine.
An enshittification strategy only succeeds if it is pursued in measured amounts. Even the most locked-in user eventually reaches a breaking-point and walks away, or gets pushed. The villagers of Anatevka in Fiddler on the Roof tolerated the cossacks' violent raids and pogroms for years, until they were finally forced to flee to Krakow, New York and Chicago:
For enshittification-addled companies, that balance is hard to strike. Individual product managers, executives, and activist shareholders all give preference to quick returns at the cost of sustainability, and are in a race to see who can eat their seed-corn first. Enshittification has only lasted for as long as it has because the internet has devolved into âfive giant websites, each filled with screenshots of the other fourâ:
With the market sewn up by a group of cozy monopolists, better alternatives donât pop up and lure us away, and if they do, the monopolists just buy them out and integrate them into your enshittification strategies, like when Mark Zuckerberg noticed a mass exodus of Facebook users who were switching to Instagram, and so he bought Instagram. As Zuck says, âIt is better to buy than to compete.â
This is the hidden dynamic behind the rise and fall of Amazon Smile, the program whereby Amazon gave a small amount of money to charities of your choice when you shopped there, but only if you used Amazonâs own search tool to locate the products you purchased. This provided an incentive for Amazon customers to use its own increasingly enshittified search, which it could cram full of products from sellers who coughed up payola, as well as its own lookalike products. The alternative was to use Google, whose search tool would send you directly to the product you were looking for, and then charge Amazon a commission for sending you to it:
The demise of Amazon Smile coincides with the increasing enshittification of Google Search, the only successful product the company managed to build in-house. All its other successes were bought from other companies: video, docs, cloud, ads, mobile; while its own products are either flops like Google Video, clones (Gmail is a Hotmail clone), or adapted from other companiesâ products, like Chrome.
Google Search was based on principles set out in founder Larry Page and Sergey Brinâs landmark 1998 paper, âAnatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine,â in which they wrote, âAdvertising funded search engines will be inherently biased towards the advertisers and away from the needs of consumers.â
http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/361/
Even with that foundational understanding of enshittification, Google has been unable to resist its siren song. Todayâs Google results are an increasingly useless morass of self-preferencing links to its own products, ads for products that arenât good enough to float to the top of the list on its own, and parasitic SEO junk piggybacking on the former.
Enshittification kills. Google just laid off 12,000 employees, and the company is in a full-blown âpanicâ over the rise of âAIâ chatbots, and is making a full-court press for an AI-driven search toolâââthat is, a tool that wonât show you what you ask for, but rather, what it thinks you should see:
Now, itâs possible to imagine that such a tool will produce good recommendations, like Tiktokâs pre-enshittified algorithm did. But itâs hard to see how Google will be able to design a non-enshittified chatbot front-end to search, given the strong incentives for product managers, executives, and shareholders to enshittify results to the precise threshold at which users are nearly pissed off enough to leave, but not quite.
Even if it manages the trick, this-almost-but-not-quite-unusuable equilibrium is fragile. Any exogenous shockâââa new competitor like Tiktok that penetrates the anticompetitive âmoats and wallsâ of Big Tech, a privacy scandal, a worker uprisingâââcan send it into wild oscillations:
Enshittification truly is how platforms die. Thatâs fine, actually. We donât need eternal rulers of the internet. Itâs okay for new ideas and new ways of working to emerge. The emphasis of lawmakers and policymakers shouldnât be preserving the crepuscular senescence of dying platforms. Rather, our policy focus should be on minimizing the cost to users when these firms reach their expiry date: enshrining rights like end-to-end would mean that no matter how autocannibalistic a zombie platform became, willing speakers and willing listeners would still connect with each other:
And policymakers should focus on freedom of exitâââthe right to leave a sinking platform while continuing to stay connected to the communities that you left behind, enjoying the media and apps you bought, and preserving the data you created:
https://www.eff.org/interoperablefacebook
The Netheads were right: technological self-determination is at odds with the natural imperatives of tech businesses. They make more money when they take away our freedomâââour freedom to speak, to leave, to connect.
For many years, even Tiktokâs critics grudgingly admitted that no matter how surveillant and creepy it was, it was really good at guessing what you wanted to see. But Tiktok couldnât resist the temptation to show you the things it wants you to see, rather than what you want to see. The enshittification has begun, and now it is unlikely to stop.
It's too late to save Tiktok. Now that it has been infected by enshittifcation, the only thing left is to kill it with fire.
[Image ID: Hansel and Gretel in front of the witch's candy house. Hansel and Gretel have been replaced with line-drawings of influencers, taking selfies of themselves with the candy house. In front of the candy house stands a portly man in a business suit; his head is a sack of money with a dollar-sign on it. He wears a crooked witch's hat. The cottage has the Tiktok logo on it.]
