#caspase

Essential guidance| Let apoptotic cells show the glory of life

  nconsciously, we have entered the hot summer solstice, and the high temperature has accelerated the metabolism of living organisms. The vigorous increase of nascent cells gradually replaced apoptotic cells that completed their mission. Fallen flowers are not heartless things, into Chunni more quadrangle. Apoptotic cells use their own fall to complete the life cycle of the organism.

Apoptosis refers to the autonomous and orderly death of cells controlled by genes in order to maintain the stability of the internal environment. Apoptosis is different from cell necrosis. Apoptosis is not a passive process, but an active process. It involves the activation, expression and regulation of a series of genes; it is not a kind of auto-injury under pathological conditions. Phenomenon, but a process of death that is actively striving for better adaptation to the living environment. When a cell undergoes apoptosis, it is like the natural fall of a leaf or flower. For this biological observation, borrowed from the Greek “Apoptosis”, it means that the natural fall of a leaf or flower can be translated as apoptosis. So what is the existence of apoptosis?

Apoptosis is the only way in the development of animals. Looking at the following examples, the phenomenon of apoptosis is everywhere in the development of life:

Abnormal development from tadpoles to frogs

Metamorphosis of insects

The disappearance of webs between the fingers of higher mammals. For example, during the development of human embryos, flat disc-shaped limbs sprouting when the embryo grows to the fifth week, and the webs between the fingers and toes disappear, so that the limbs can form their final shape smoothly.

The cell death of the vitreous and lens in the eye is an important step for the eye to penetrate light.

Even in mature individuals, apoptosis is essential:

Control of cell number and tissue size

Renewal of tissues (e.g. replacement of nasal olfactory epidermis and skin epidermal cells)

The immune system selects and removes cells that are either non-functional or potentially dangerous, such as the non-specific cell killing effect of natural killer cells (NK) on cancer cells.

Remove degeneration cells

Give plasticity to the central nervous system. The researchers tried to activate the mouse’s bcl-2 gene during the embryonic stage. This gene prevents the apoptosis of nerve cells. The number of neurons in the brain of the born mouse is therefore larger than that of the normal mouse, and the volume becomes larger. But in the test, it seems slower than normal mice.

Selection of germ cells (about 95% of germ cells will be cleared by apoptosis before they mature)

Abbkine scientists’ research on apoptosis has reached the cellular, protein and molecular levels:

Protein level Annexin V series cell early apoptosis kit to detect valgus phosphatidylserine (PS) eversion:

Product name Cat# Abs/Em Alternative Annexin V-AbFluor™ 405 Apoptosis Detection kit KTA0001 Annexin V- AbFluor™ 405: Abs/Em = 404/431 nm; PI: Abs/Em = 535/617 nm (with DNA) Pacific Blue, Alexa Fluor 405, Dylight 405 Annexin V-AbFluor™ 488 Apoptosis Detection kit KTA0002 Annexin V- AbFluor™ 488: Abs/Em = 491/517 nm; PI: Abs/Em = 535/617 nm (with DNA) FITC, Alexa Fluor 488, Dylight 488 Annexin V-AbFluor™ 555 Apoptosis Detection kit KTA0003 Annexin V- AbFluor™ 555: Abs/Em = 555/565 nm Cy3, TRITC, Alexa Fluor 546, Dylight 549 Annexin V-AbFluor™ 647 Apoptosis Detection kit KTA0004 Annexin V- AbFluor™ 647: Abs/Em = 650/665 nm; PI: Abs/Em = 535/617 nm (with DNA) Cy5, Alexa Fluor 647, Dylight 649

  Cell-level Caspase series kits to detect the expression of apoptosis-related protein Caspas and mid-term apoptosis:

Product NO Test purpose Product Name KTA3020 Apoptosis

(Colorimetry)

Caspase-1 Assay Kit (Colorimetric) KTA3021 Caspase-2 Assay Kit (Colorimetric) KTA3022 Caspase-3 Assay Kit (Colorimetric) KTA3023 Caspase-4 Assay Kit (Colorimetric) KTA3024 Caspase-6 Assay Kit (Colorimetric) KTA3025 Caspase-8 Assay Kit (Colorimetric)

The cascade reaction initiated by the Caspase cysteine protease family is the central link in the process of apoptosis. Its activation mainly includes mitochondrial-dependent pathways and death receptor-mediated signal transduction pathways. The activated downstream Caspase, through cleavage specificity Substrate, leading to apoptosis.

Molecular level TUNEL kit, detection of late apoptosis kit

Product Name Product NO TUNEL Apoptosis Detection Kit (Green Fluorescence) KTA2010 TUNEL Apoptosis Detection Kit (Orange Fluorescence) KTA2011

The apoptotic cells stained by the TUNEL fluorescence kit have a very bright fluorescent color, which is favored by Abbkine customers.

There are many studies on the relationship between apoptosis and the occurrence of cancer and various autoimmune diseases. People hope to stimulate the apoptosis of cancer cells in order to eliminate cancer. In addition, in order to maintain the size of the human brain, the genes that cause apoptosis are suppressed in humans.

The role of apoptosis in neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer’s disease (one type of dementia), Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, muscle Atrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is currently a hot research topic, and there are many studies in this area.

Essential guidance| Let apoptotic cells show the glory of life

  nconsciously, we have entered the hot summer solstice, and the high temperature has accelerated the metabolism of living organisms. The vigorous increase of nascent cells gradually replaced apoptotic cells that completed their mission. Fallen flowers are not heartless things, into Chunni more quadrangle. Apoptotic cells use their own fall to complete the life cycle of the organism.

Apoptosis refers to the autonomous and orderly death of cells controlled by genes in order to maintain the stability of the internal environment. Apoptosis is different from cell necrosis. Apoptosis is not a passive process, but an active process. It involves the activation, expression and regulation of a series of genes; it is not a kind of auto-injury under pathological conditions. Phenomenon, but a process of death that is actively striving for better adaptation to the living environment. When a cell undergoes apoptosis, it is like the natural fall of a leaf or flower. For this biological observation, borrowed from the Greek “Apoptosis”, it means that the natural fall of a leaf or flower can be translated as apoptosis. So what is the existence of apoptosis?

Apoptosis is the only way in the development of animals. Looking at the following examples, the phenomenon of apoptosis is everywhere in the development of life:

Abnormal development from tadpoles to frogs

Metamorphosis of insects

The disappearance of webs between the fingers of higher mammals. For example, during the development of human embryos, flat disc-shaped limbs sprouting when the embryo grows to the fifth week, and the webs between the fingers and toes disappear, so that the limbs can form their final shape smoothly.

The cell death of the vitreous and lens in the eye is an important step for the eye to penetrate light.

Even in mature individuals, apoptosis is essential:

Control of cell number and tissue size

Renewal of tissues (e.g. replacement of nasal olfactory epidermis and skin epidermal cells)

The immune system selects and removes cells that are either non-functional or potentially dangerous, such as the non-specific cell killing effect of natural killer cells (NK) on cancer cells.

Remove degeneration cells

Give plasticity to the central nervous system. The researchers tried to activate the mouse’s bcl-2 gene during the embryonic stage. This gene prevents the apoptosis of nerve cells. The number of neurons in the brain of the born mouse is therefore larger than that of the normal mouse, and the volume becomes larger. But in the test, it seems slower than normal mice.

Selection of germ cells (about 95% of germ cells will be cleared by apoptosis before they mature)

Abbkine scientists’ research on apoptosis has reached the cellular, protein and molecular levels:

Protein level Annexin V series cell early apoptosis kit to detect valgus phosphatidylserine (PS) eversion:

Product name Cat# Abs/Em Alternative Annexin V-AbFluor™ 405 Apoptosis Detection kit KTA0001 Annexin V- AbFluor™ 405: Abs/Em = 404/431 nm; PI: Abs/Em = 535/617 nm (with DNA) Pacific Blue, Alexa Fluor 405, Dylight 405 Annexin V-AbFluor™ 488 Apoptosis Detection kit KTA0002 Annexin V- AbFluor™ 488: Abs/Em = 491/517 nm; PI: Abs/Em = 535/617 nm (with DNA) FITC, Alexa Fluor 488, Dylight 488 Annexin V-AbFluor™ 555 Apoptosis Detection kit KTA0003 Annexin V- AbFluor™ 555: Abs/Em = 555/565 nm Cy3, TRITC, Alexa Fluor 546, Dylight 549 Annexin V-AbFluor™ 647 Apoptosis Detection kit KTA0004 Annexin V- AbFluor™ 647: Abs/Em = 650/665 nm; PI: Abs/Em = 535/617 nm (with DNA) Cy5, Alexa Fluor 647, Dylight 649

  Cell-level Caspase series kits to detect the expression of apoptosis-related protein Caspas and mid-term apoptosis:

Product NO Test purpose Product Name KTA3020 Apoptosis

(Colorimetry)

Caspase-1 Assay Kit (Colorimetric) KTA3021 Caspase-2 Assay Kit (Colorimetric) KTA3022 Caspase-3 Assay Kit (Colorimetric) KTA3023 Caspase-4 Assay Kit (Colorimetric) KTA3024 Caspase-6 Assay Kit (Colorimetric) KTA3025 Caspase-8 Assay Kit (Colorimetric)

The cascade reaction initiated by the Caspase cysteine protease family is the central link in the process of apoptosis. Its activation mainly includes mitochondrial-dependent pathways and death receptor-mediated signal transduction pathways. The activated downstream Caspase, through cleavage specificity Substrate, leading to apoptosis.

Molecular level TUNEL kit, detection of late apoptosis kit

Product Name Product NO TUNEL Apoptosis Detection Kit (Green Fluorescence) KTA2010 TUNEL Apoptosis Detection Kit (Orange Fluorescence) KTA2011

The apoptotic cells stained by the TUNEL fluorescence kit have a very bright fluorescent color, which is favored by Abbkine customers.

There are many studies on the relationship between apoptosis and the occurrence of cancer and various autoimmune diseases. People hope to stimulate the apoptosis of cancer cells in order to eliminate cancer. In addition, in order to maintain the size of the human brain, the genes that cause apoptosis are suppressed in humans.

The role of apoptosis in neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer’s disease (one type of dementia), Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, muscle Atrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is currently a hot research topic, and there are many studies in this area.

Essential guidance| Let apoptotic cells show the glory of life

  nconsciously, we have entered the hot summer solstice, and the high temperature has accelerated the metabolism of living organisms. The vigorous increase of nascent cells gradually replaced apoptotic cells that completed their mission. Fallen flowers are not heartless things, into Chunni more quadrangle. Apoptotic cells use their own fall to complete the life cycle of the organism.

Apoptosis refers to the autonomous and orderly death of cells controlled by genes in order to maintain the stability of the internal environment. Apoptosis is different from cell necrosis. Apoptosis is not a passive process, but an active process. It involves the activation, expression and regulation of a series of genes; it is not a kind of auto-injury under pathological conditions. Phenomenon, but a process of death that is actively striving for better adaptation to the living environment. When a cell undergoes apoptosis, it is like the natural fall of a leaf or flower. For this biological observation, borrowed from the Greek “Apoptosis”, it means that the natural fall of a leaf or flower can be translated as apoptosis. So what is the existence of apoptosis?

Apoptosis is the only way in the development of animals. Looking at the following examples, the phenomenon of apoptosis is everywhere in the development of life:

Abnormal development from tadpoles to frogs

Metamorphosis of insects

The disappearance of webs between the fingers of higher mammals. For example, during the development of human embryos, flat disc-shaped limbs sprouting when the embryo grows to the fifth week, and the webs between the fingers and toes disappear, so that the limbs can form their final shape smoothly.

The cell death of the vitreous and lens in the eye is an important step for the eye to penetrate light.

Even in mature individuals, apoptosis is essential:

Control of cell number and tissue size

Renewal of tissues (e.g. replacement of nasal olfactory epidermis and skin epidermal cells)

The immune system selects and removes cells that are either non-functional or potentially dangerous, such as the non-specific cell killing effect of natural killer cells (NK) on cancer cells.

Remove degeneration cells

Give plasticity to the central nervous system. The researchers tried to activate the mouse’s bcl-2 gene during the embryonic stage. This gene prevents the apoptosis of nerve cells. The number of neurons in the brain of the born mouse is therefore larger than that of the normal mouse, and the volume becomes larger. But in the test, it seems slower than normal mice.

Selection of germ cells (about 95% of germ cells will be cleared by apoptosis before they mature)

Abbkine scientists’ research on apoptosis has reached the cellular, protein and molecular levels:

Protein level Annexin V series cell early apoptosis kit to detect valgus phosphatidylserine (PS) eversion:

Product name Cat# Abs/Em Alternative Annexin V-AbFluor™ 405 Apoptosis Detection kit KTA0001 Annexin V- AbFluor™ 405: Abs/Em = 404/431 nm; PI: Abs/Em = 535/617 nm (with DNA) Pacific Blue, Alexa Fluor 405, Dylight 405 Annexin V-AbFluor™ 488 Apoptosis Detection kit KTA0002 Annexin V- AbFluor™ 488: Abs/Em = 491/517 nm; PI: Abs/Em = 535/617 nm (with DNA) FITC, Alexa Fluor 488, Dylight 488 Annexin V-AbFluor™ 555 Apoptosis Detection kit KTA0003 Annexin V- AbFluor™ 555: Abs/Em = 555/565 nm Cy3, TRITC, Alexa Fluor 546, Dylight 549 Annexin V-AbFluor™ 647 Apoptosis Detection kit KTA0004 Annexin V- AbFluor™ 647: Abs/Em = 650/665 nm; PI: Abs/Em = 535/617 nm (with DNA) Cy5, Alexa Fluor 647, Dylight 649

  Cell-level Caspase series kits to detect the expression of apoptosis-related protein Caspas and mid-term apoptosis:

Product NO Test purpose Product Name KTA3020 Apoptosis

(Colorimetry)

Caspase-1 Assay Kit (Colorimetric) KTA3021 Caspase-2 Assay Kit (Colorimetric) KTA3022 Caspase-3 Assay Kit (Colorimetric) KTA3023 Caspase-4 Assay Kit (Colorimetric) KTA3024 Caspase-6 Assay Kit (Colorimetric) KTA3025 Caspase-8 Assay Kit (Colorimetric)

The cascade reaction initiated by the Caspase cysteine protease family is the central link in the process of apoptosis. Its activation mainly includes mitochondrial-dependent pathways and death receptor-mediated signal transduction pathways. The activated downstream Caspase, through cleavage specificity Substrate, leading to apoptosis.

Molecular level TUNEL kit, detection of late apoptosis kit

Product Name Product NO TUNEL Apoptosis Detection Kit (Green Fluorescence) KTA2010 TUNEL Apoptosis Detection Kit (Orange Fluorescence) KTA2011

The apoptotic cells stained by the TUNEL fluorescence kit have a very bright fluorescent color, which is favored by Abbkine customers.

There are many studies on the relationship between apoptosis and the occurrence of cancer and various autoimmune diseases. People hope to stimulate the apoptosis of cancer cells in order to eliminate cancer. In addition, in order to maintain the size of the human brain, the genes that cause apoptosis are suppressed in humans.

The role of apoptosis in neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer’s disease (one type of dementia), Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, muscle Atrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is currently a hot research topic, and there are many studies in this area.

Essential guidance| Let apoptotic cells show the glory of life

  nconsciously, we have entered the hot summer solstice, and the high temperature has accelerated the metabolism of living organisms. The vigorous increase of nascent cells gradually replaced apoptotic cells that completed their mission. Fallen flowers are not heartless things, into Chunni more quadrangle. Apoptotic cells use their own fall to complete the life cycle of the organism.

Apoptosis refers to the autonomous and orderly death of cells controlled by genes in order to maintain the stability of the internal environment. Apoptosis is different from cell necrosis. Apoptosis is not a passive process, but an active process. It involves the activation, expression and regulation of a series of genes; it is not a kind of auto-injury under pathological conditions. Phenomenon, but a process of death that is actively striving for better adaptation to the living environment. When a cell undergoes apoptosis, it is like the natural fall of a leaf or flower. For this biological observation, borrowed from the Greek “Apoptosis”, it means that the natural fall of a leaf or flower can be translated as apoptosis. So what is the existence of apoptosis?

Apoptosis is the only way in the development of animals. Looking at the following examples, the phenomenon of apoptosis is everywhere in the development of life:

Abnormal development from tadpoles to frogs

Metamorphosis of insects

The disappearance of webs between the fingers of higher mammals. For example, during the development of human embryos, flat disc-shaped limbs sprouting when the embryo grows to the fifth week, and the webs between the fingers and toes disappear, so that the limbs can form their final shape smoothly.

The cell death of the vitreous and lens in the eye is an important step for the eye to penetrate light.

Even in mature individuals, apoptosis is essential:

Control of cell number and tissue size

Renewal of tissues (e.g. replacement of nasal olfactory epidermis and skin epidermal cells)

The immune system selects and removes cells that are either non-functional or potentially dangerous, such as the non-specific cell killing effect of natural killer cells (NK) on cancer cells.

Remove degeneration cells

Give plasticity to the central nervous system. The researchers tried to activate the mouse’s bcl-2 gene during the embryonic stage. This gene prevents the apoptosis of nerve cells. The number of neurons in the brain of the born mouse is therefore larger than that of the normal mouse, and the volume becomes larger. But in the test, it seems slower than normal mice.

Selection of germ cells (about 95% of germ cells will be cleared by apoptosis before they mature)

Abbkine scientists’ research on apoptosis has reached the cellular, protein and molecular levels:

Protein level Annexin V series cell early apoptosis kit to detect valgus phosphatidylserine (PS) eversion:

Product name Cat# Abs/Em Alternative Annexin V-AbFluor™ 405 Apoptosis Detection kit KTA0001 Annexin V- AbFluor™ 405: Abs/Em = 404/431 nm; PI: Abs/Em = 535/617 nm (with DNA) Pacific Blue, Alexa Fluor 405, Dylight 405 Annexin V-AbFluor™ 488 Apoptosis Detection kit KTA0002 Annexin V- AbFluor™ 488: Abs/Em = 491/517 nm; PI: Abs/Em = 535/617 nm (with DNA) FITC, Alexa Fluor 488, Dylight 488 Annexin V-AbFluor™ 555 Apoptosis Detection kit KTA0003 Annexin V- AbFluor™ 555: Abs/Em = 555/565 nm Cy3, TRITC, Alexa Fluor 546, Dylight 549 Annexin V-AbFluor™ 647 Apoptosis Detection kit KTA0004 Annexin V- AbFluor™ 647: Abs/Em = 650/665 nm; PI: Abs/Em = 535/617 nm (with DNA) Cy5, Alexa Fluor 647, Dylight 649

  Cell-level Caspase series kits to detect the expression of apoptosis-related protein Caspas and mid-term apoptosis:

Product NO Test purpose Product Name KTA3020 Apoptosis

(Colorimetry)

Caspase-1 Assay Kit (Colorimetric) KTA3021 Caspase-2 Assay Kit (Colorimetric) KTA3022 Caspase-3 Assay Kit (Colorimetric) KTA3023 Caspase-4 Assay Kit (Colorimetric) KTA3024 Caspase-6 Assay Kit (Colorimetric) KTA3025 Caspase-8 Assay Kit (Colorimetric)

The cascade reaction initiated by the Caspase cysteine protease family is the central link in the process of apoptosis. Its activation mainly includes mitochondrial-dependent pathways and death receptor-mediated signal transduction pathways. The activated downstream Caspase, through cleavage specificity Substrate, leading to apoptosis.

Molecular level TUNEL kit, detection of late apoptosis kit

Product Name Product NO TUNEL Apoptosis Detection Kit (Green Fluorescence) KTA2010 TUNEL Apoptosis Detection Kit (Orange Fluorescence) KTA2011

The apoptotic cells stained by the TUNEL fluorescence kit have a very bright fluorescent color, which is favored by Abbkine customers.

There are many studies on the relationship between apoptosis and the occurrence of cancer and various autoimmune diseases. People hope to stimulate the apoptosis of cancer cells in order to eliminate cancer. In addition, in order to maintain the size of the human brain, the genes that cause apoptosis are suppressed in humans.

The role of apoptosis in neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer’s disease (one type of dementia), Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, muscle Atrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is currently a hot research topic, and there are many studies in this area.

Caspase mediated cytotoxicity of a yellow pigment produced by Exiguobacterium alkaliphilum on human cancer cell lines. @JPPRes

Article published in Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research 8(1): 78-91, 2020. Bharath Gajaraj*, Varalakshmi Nadumane

Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Jain University, 18/3, 9th Main, 3rd Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore- 560011, India.*E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Context: Investigation of microbial diversity for the identification of novel…

A little known Californian biotech working on a liver disease drug just hit international headlines on suggestions that it might be an effective treatment for the Zika virus. Zika is a real hot topic right now, as political delays have stymied prevention spending being signed off, and the efforts to control spread are limited and likely not substantial enough to have any real impact in the virus’s march into the US. A host of treatments are currently in development, with some looking far more promising than others, but any company that shows promise is picking up a boost to its market capitalization on satellite speculative volume.

There’s a problem, however, and what at first glance looks like it could be good news for the company in question, Conatus Pharmaceuticals Inc (NASDAQ:CNAT), might not be so after all.

Here’s why.

First, a quick introduction. Conatus is working to develop its lead (and in terms of value adding, only) candidate, Emricasan. The drug is a liver disease target, as mentioned above, and it is going after a flurry of concurrently run investigative indications, including NASH cirrhosis, severe portal hypertension, NASH fibrosis and fibrosis in liver transplant patients, post-op. It’s a pretty broad spectrum, but these conditions are root-cause similar, so any signs of efficacy in one would serve as a leading indicator of efficacy in another.

The drug is what’s called a caspase protease inhibitor. The way we treat liver disease is pretty much the polar opposite of the way we treat cancer. The former is a degredative condition, while the latter is proliferative. As such, in whereas in cancer we want to initiate cell death (apoptosis) to reduce a tumor size, in patients with liver disease we are looking to halt or slow degradation by inhibiting apoptosis. Caspase is a type of protease, which in turn is a type of enzyme that plays a key roll in apoptosis initiation. By inhibiting caspase, the enzyme can’t initiate the apoptotic process, and this (theoretically) should halt fibrosis and cirrhosis associated with the above mentioned diseases.

The drug has performed well in trials to date across its various indications, and has fast track designation, meaning it’s eligible for approval based on some (predetermined) surrogate endpoints. There are a couple of key near term milestones, including the initiation of a phase IIb in NASH cirrhosis slated for the second half of this year, and a pivotal in NASH cirrhosis investigating liver function slated for the first quarter of 2017.

These all have the potential for interim releases, and liver disease trials are generally relatively quick turnaround (especially those based on surrogate endpoints), so from a core operations perspective, 2017 should be a pretty big year for Conatus.

Now let’s get back to Zika – what’s the issue?

Well, it’s more a moral and ethical issue than anything else, but it could have far reaching implications for the company going forward if it doesn’t play its cards right. The WSJ reported in a Zika focus piece that Emricasan had shown some promise in activity against the Zika virus. Specifically, in an ex vivo environment, the drug was shown to prevent brain cell death in infected samples. The finding came about as part of a wider translational medicine program currently being run by the NIH, and designed to investigate the efficacy of some drugs in indications outside their target application. The program is sponsored by (as in, partly funded by) a company called Spotlight Innovation Inc (OTCMKTS:STLT), and as part of this sponsorship Spotlight is eligible for licensing rights to any compounds found to be effective in alternate indications.

And therein lies the issue.

If the drug is indeed shown to be effective, Conatus might be forced (ethically, and morally) to license out the rights to the compound to Spotlight, who would then be free to develop it and commercialize it as a Zika drug. Conatus has patent protection on the compound, but if the public turn on the company it would be very difficult to use this patent protection as an argument against out-licensing – especially if Zika poses more of a threat at that time than it does today. Exactly what impact this would have on the company’s liver disease program is unclear (off label use of the Zika drug as a liver disease drug? Unlikely, but possible), but whatever these implications are, they aren’t going to be good for the company.

We’re not short in our bias, and with the flurry of catalysts slated for the next six months there’s plenty of upside potential, but the gains seen yesterday are probably an overreaction to something that might be great for the company from a publicity standpoint, but not financially.

Apoptose-Inhibitor – DocCheck Flexikon

Apoptose-Inhibitor – DocCheck Flexikon.