#carpels

~ Shiny Wet Carpels ~

Summer 2016

~ Buttercup After The Rain ~

Summer 2016

Part 5

What is taxonomy? Part 1 | Rosids Part 2 | genus Rosa Part 3 | Rose Species Part 4 |

  Flower morphology Longitudinal section showing achene formation and hypanthium in genus Rosa Courtesy RoRo cc1.2

How would one describe a rose hip? 

The rose hip or fruiting body is referred to as an aggregate fruit which contains many true seeds or achenes within it.  These small seeds or nutlets are pendulous with a size of about 3-4 mm.  Pendulous derives from the Latin pendulus ‘hanging down.’  A rose hip features an expanded hypanthium (aka floral cup), which is a structure where basal portions of the calyx, the corolla, and the stamens unite with the receptacle to form a cup-shaped tube to encircle around the nutlets (seeds or achenes).

Rose Hip fruiting body bearing seeds within sepals (rose hip lobes) above

Rose Hip fruiting body bearing seeds within sepals (rose hip lobes) above

The botanical term calyx arises from the Greek kalux ‘case of a bud, husk’, and is related to kaluptein ‘to hide’.  The species Rosa will first use the calyx as a case ‘to hide” and protect the rose bud as it develops.  The calyx surrounds the corolla, and is typically divided into lobes called sepals.  The sepals emerge out of the apex or top of the red to orange coloured rose hip fruiting body.

The perianth is the botanical term for the envelope and has two separate units arising from a central point of origin (concentric).  Perianth arises from two roots, Greek peri ‘around’ + anthos ‘flower’.  The outer perianth is termed the calyx, and the calyx may be divided into sepals.  The inner perianth is the corolla. The calyx is cup-shaped or urn-shaped, with a constriction at the top or the throat.  Imagine a small crown, garland or a wreath made of petals, and that is a corolla, from the Latin corolla meaning small garland, little crown, chaplet or wreath.

Perfect flower

Now, then the interesting thing about roses, are that though the plants may arise from a rhizomatous root producing clones  growing within a rose thicket. The clones or individual Rose plants which are seen above ground have perfect flowers (male and female organs in the same flower) so they are neither dioecious (having male flowers on one plant and female flowers on a different plant like the trembling aspen Populous tremuloides), nor monoecious (having male flowers and female flowers on the same plant).

Male reproductive organ the Androecium.

The stamens are the yellow pollen bearing organ of a flower, from the Latin stamen, foundation in weaving, the thread of the warp, from Proto-Indo-European steh₂– “stand”, and from Gothic stoma, Sanskrit Sthaman, “Place, strength.”  The stamens in a flower are collectively called the androecium.   A stamen will feature an anther and a filament, Filament derives from classical Latin filum, meaning “thread” Anther derives from French anthère, from classical Latin anthera, meaning “medicine extracted from the flower” in turn from Ancient Greek ἀνθηρά, feminine of ἀνθηρός, “flowery”, from ἄνθος, “flower.” Androecium derives from Ancient Greek ἀνήρ meaning “man”, and οἶκος meaning “house” or “chamber/room”.

Female reproductive organ, the Gynoecium.

Rose plants have perfect flowers (male and female organs in the same flower), and therefore, they may be referred to as hermaphroditic, or bisexual.  The male organs are the stamens, and the female organs are the carpels or pistils making up the fertile portion of the flower.  The stamen consists of anther and filament as mentioned earlier, and the pistil features the stigma, style and ovary.   Together, the stigma, style and ovary are referred to as the pistil and make up the female organ of the flower, the gynoecium.  The male organ of the rose is the androecium, and the female organ the gynoecium.

Perigynous flower.

A rose, besides featuring a perfect flower, is also termed a perigynous flower. Perigynous comes from two Greek words as roots, peri- ‘around’ + gunē ‘woman.’  This perigynous term describes the sepals, petals, and stamens at the same level ‘around’ the edge or rim of the hypanthium with the ovary below. The ovary wall, becomes the fleshy part of the rose hip. The floral parts of the ovary are fused into a cup, referred to as the hypanthium which surrounds the ovary.  Perigynous flowers are often referred to as having a half-inferior ovary (or, sometimes, partially inferior or half-superior). This arrangement is particularly frequent in the rose family.

Pollination.

Several taller stamens surround the shorter styles in the central area of the bloom. Roses produce yellow pollen held on pollen sacs called anthers reaching up high from the center of the rose blossom on the tips of filaments.  A pollinator insect will fly around to feed on the nectar, and some of the pollen rubs off onto the legs and body of the pollinator. The rose flowers also have a stigma, which receives the pollen on the sticky stigma carpel situated at the tip of the style.  When the insect flies off to the next flower, it is pollinated when the pollen sticks to the top of the pistil.  The style connects the ovary and the stigma of the rose flower.  The ovary, thus pollinated will then begin producing seeds.  At the top of the rose stem, the “receptacle” begins to grow from the seeds being created within the ovary contained within it.  Another name for the receptacle is the hypanthium.

Native Rose Bush blooming in June

Native Rose Bush blooming in June

Bumblebee on rose

The flower bloom

If a rose has more than one blossom, the inflorescence type is a cyme, which means each axis of the peduncle blooms before the flowers lower down on the stem.  Additionally, each bloom (inflorescence) is stellate, or star shaped.

Reproduction methods

Reproduction of these native rose plants takes place by four methods.  Roses can reproduce by

seed and pollination in the ‘perfect flower’

by suckering through root rhizomes

sprouting

layering.

Activity

Place the following labels on the first picture at the top of the page.

Petal (Edge of petals are showing)

Sepals (Edge of sepals are showing)

Stamens

Filament

Anther sacs holding the yellow pollen

Pistil

Stigma

Style

Ovary

Acenes, seeds or nutlets

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For directions as to how to drive to “George Genereux” Urban Regional Park

For directions on how to drive to Richard St. Barbe Baker Afforestation Area

For more information:

Blairmore Sector Plan Report; planning for the Richard St. Barbe Baker Afforestation Area,  George Genereux Urban Regional Park and West Swale and areas around them inside of Saskatoon city limits

P4G Saskatoon North Partnership for Growth The P4G consists of the Cities of Saskatoon, Warman, and Martensville, the Town of Osler and the Rural Municipality of Corman Park; planning for areas around the afforestation area and West Swale outside of Saskatoon city limits

Richard St. Barbe Baker Afforestation Area is located in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada north of Cedar Villa Road, within city limits, in the furthest south west area of the city. 52° 06′ 106° 45′ Addresses: Part SE 23-36-6 – Afforestation Area – 241 Township Road 362-A Part SE 23-36-6 – SW Off-Leash Recreation Area (Richard St. Barbe Baker Afforestation Area ) – 355 Township Road 362-A S ½ 22-36-6 Richard St. Barbe Baker Afforestation Area (West of SW OLRA) – 467 Township Road 362-A NE 21-36-6 “George Genereux” Afforestation Area – 133 Range Road 3063 Wikimapia Map: type in Richard St. Barbe Baker Afforestation Area Google Maps South West Off Leash area location pin at parking lot Web page: https://stbarbebaker.wordpress.com Where is the Richard St. Barbe Baker Afforestation Area? with map Where is the George Genereux Urban Regional Park (Afforestation Area)? with map

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