As American sociologist Mignon Moore wrote: White masculinity in butch women … gives them an outsider status relative to traditional notions of White femininity and White respectability. The masculinity portrayed by Black women, however, is particularly feared in society and tends to be associated with violence, so transgressive [masculine-presenting] women become problematized and feared by others because of the masculinity they portray.
Whitney Bunts, a Black lesbian and policy analyst at the Center for Law and Social Policy in the US, told Human Rights Watch that the various forms of discrimination Black women face manifest in unique, sometimes heightened ways for masculine presenting Black LBQ+ women in the US: Black women are unemployed at higher rates than Black men; Black women are incarcerated at higher rates than white women; Black girls are suspended at higher rates than Black boys and white boys. When we think about these things in conjunction with other identities, it comes to a deeper level of marginalization for Black masculine-presenting people.
Racialized gender binaries force masculine-presenting Black LBQ+ women like Bunts to negotiate various systems of oppression at once, complicating an analysis and untangling of the origins of the discrimination they face. In an encounter with the police at a protest in Missouri, in 2020, Bunts was beaten by an officer. It is difficult to decipher whether this violence was carried out because the police officer perceived Bunts to be a Black man, a Black lesbian, or a Black woman, but she said it was clear to her that this violence was disproportionate and targeted.
Discrimination and violence against masculine-presenting Black LBQ+ people starts early in life: A 2015 study found that gender nonconformity is a key “push factor” for LBQ+ youth who find themselves in the school-to-prison pipeline, a phrase used to describe how education and public safety policies in the US funnel children, predominantly Black children, into the criminal justice system. The study explicitly stated that youth were punished for violating gender norms. One adult from Louisiana interviewed for the study said: I’m thinking of a young Black woman who identifies as gay, but has a really short haircut, like people would see on a boy, what you would call a fade. That’s in people’s face, and I think it’s almost okay to discriminate or talk about or relegate to a different status because it’s like “well she chose to put that in my face,” you know and “she didn’t have to.”
from “This Is Why We Became Activists” Violence Against Lesbian, Bisexual, and Queer Women and Non-Binary People by Human Rights Watch