#biostudies

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Case study

HM fell off a bike at age nine and sustained brain damage. He developed epilepsy at age 10. He then began having major seizures at age 16 which drugs failed to control. At 27 he had surgery to stop the seizures in which they intended to severe the corpus callosum. During the procedure part of the hippocampus was removed by accident

Post-surgery HM suffered anterograde amnesia where he couldn’t form new memories. Though he could remember before the surgery

In 1997 he had an MRI which showed damage to the hippocampal region

Principles:

Bio: There are biological correlates to behaviour

Aim: Investigate if there were brain abnormalities in murderers

Principle: Behaviour has biological and physiological benefits

Method: The murderers were 41 prisoners charged with murder. They had brain image scans to obtain evidence for not guilty by reason of insanity. Each murderer was matched with a ‘normal’ subject (age/sex and schizophrenia where applicable). The subjects were injected with a tracer substance that shows the location of brain activity while they conducted performance tasks. A Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan was given to show relative brain activity. Their brain scans were compared.

Findings: The prefrontal cortex had low activity in murderers in comparison to the normal subjects. Low activity in this region results in loss of self-control and altered emotion

This study may suggest that the murderers were more capable of murder due to the brain differences in their brain. It also suggests that the prefrontal cortex and amygdala are connected to violence.

  + Large and specific sample

Aim: To investigate patterns of disgust in response to an online survey

Method: Tested 77000 participants in 165 different countries. The participants ranked disgust for 20 pictures. 7 of which were considered infectious or harmful

Findings:  The reaction was strongest for images that were threating to the immune system. Women had higher rates of disgust which decreased with age.

Aim: Investigate nausea experienced by women in the first trimester

Principle: There are biological correlates to behaviour

Method: Lab Experiment

This study was conducted on 496 healthy pregnant women. They were if they experienced morning sickness and then asked them to consider 32 potentially stomach churning scenarios (meat in waste bin, fishing hook through finger). The women were then told to rank how disgusted they were with 32 scenarios

Aim: Investigate correlations of adoptive and natural children raised by the same parents

The assumption that all children (in one house0 had the same upbringing in the same environment.

Any significant differences between parent/child IQ correlations for adopted and natural children should be attributed to genes

Findings: The researchers found no significant difference in IQ correlations between natural and adoptive children. The adoptive families were wealthy, white and middle class with high IQ’s whereas the adoptive children came from families of poor, lower-class individuals with low IQ parents.

Aim: To investigate if changes could be detected in the brains of London taxi drivers and investigate the function of the hippocampus in spatial memory

Principle: There are biological correlates to behaviour

Method: Naturalistic Experiment

IV: Time as a taxi driver

DV: Hippocampal volume

16 right handed male taxi drivers underwent MRI scans to look at the size of the hippocampus. The scans were compared with the scans of 50 healthy right handed males who don’t drive taxis. The average time driving was 2 years. This study used a correlational analysis

Findings: The overall volume of the hippocampus was unchanged but individual regions had either increased or decreased volume. The posterior hippocampus was significantly larger in taxi drivers than the control group. The anterior hippocampal region was larger in control.

Hippocampal volume was correlated with time spent as a taxi driver (positively in the right posterior and negatively in the left anterior)

The plasticity seen in the hippocampus is a response to the environmental demands of the taxi driver. The size expanded because of the taxi driver’s dependence on spatial and navigational stimulation

  + Ecological validity