The roloway monkey is an endangered species of Old World monkey found in a small area of eastern Ivory Coast and the forests of Ghana, between the Sassandra and Pra Rivers. The roloway monkey is among the most threatened primates on the African continent, although exact figures for the species are not available. There are estimates are that there probably has been a population decline of at least 80% over the last three generations. The species is listed as one of "The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates" published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Primate Specialist Group, the International Primatological Society, and Conservation International.
The roloway monkey is distinguished by its lengthy beard and broad diadem-like browband. Its face and much of its fur are black. It has a white beard, chest, and throat; there are a white stripe along each thigh and a deep reddish or orange patch on its back.
Roloway monkeys dwell in the canopies of jungles and rainforests where they reside and sleep in the branches of primeval trees. They are typically diurnal and sleep throughout the night. The species is arboreal, and forms social groups of 15 to 30 individuals, typically with 1 male, around 10 females, and their offspring. It is commonplace for the males of groups of roloway monkeys to head off elsewhere on their own, whereas the females will stay with the same group they were born into.
Roloway monkeys are hunted by a multitude of predators including crowned hawk-eagles, leopards, chimpanzees and, most notoriously, humans.The main threat facing roloway monkeys is hunting for the bushmeat trade. The roloway monkeys’ conspicuous colours and loud calls make them very susceptible to hunting.
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The bearded sakis are five species of New World monkeys (Black bearded saki, Red-backed bearded saki, Brown-backed bearded saki, Uta Hick's bearded saki, White-nosed) classified in the genus Chiropotes. They live in the eastern and central Amazon in South America, ranging through southern Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and northern and central Brazil. Bearded sakis differ from the closely related saki monkeys of the genus Pithecia by a pronounced beard, a tuft of hair that extends from its jaw, down its throat to the top of its chest, and is strongly pronounced particularly in the males. The tail is long and hairy, and is used for balance and not grasping.
The black bearded saki is endemic to the far eastern Amazon in Brazil. The black bearded saki is the only dark-nosed species of bearded saki with a blackish back, though some females and young have a paler, brownish back.
The red-backed bearded saki is found north of the Amazon River and east of the Branco River in Brazil and the Guianas.
The brown-backed bearded saki is endemic to the Amazon in north-western Brazil (north of the Rio Negro and west of the Branco River) and southern Venezuela.
Uta Hick's bearded saki is endemic to Brazil, where restricted to the Amazon between the Xingu and Tocantins Rivers. It was formerly treated as a subspecies of the more easterly black bearded saki, but its back is pale brownish.
The white-nosed saki is endemic to the south-central Amazon rainforest in Brazil and possibly a small area east of Bolivia. Both its scientific and common name were caused by the authors working from dead specimens, where the skin on and around the nose fades to whitish. In living individuals, it is actually bright pink (though with fine barely visible white hairs). No other species of the genus Chiropotes have a brightly colored nose.
There are three species of these colobine monkeys, which are native to Southeast Asia and notable for their striking appearance. All 3 species are endemic to Indochina.The 3 species are the red-shanked douc langur, black-shanked douc langur, and gray-shanked douc langur. These animals are predominantly arboreal but may occasionally come to the ground. They are found in evergreen, semi-evergreen and semi-evergreen-mixed deciduous forest mosaics, as well as in coastal dry forest. They live in small family groups headed by one adult male. A single group may have several adult females, and many children. Young males unaffiliated with a family group often make their own troops.
The red-shanked douc is distinguished by its bright maroon/red "stockings" which run from its knees to its ankles. Otherwise it is similar in appearance to the grey-shanked douc, with a golden face, white chin and dark grey to black hands and feet. The black-shanked douc has a largely greyish blue face. The tail of all 3 species is as long as the body. The grey-shanked douc langur is critically endangered with a population estimated to be around 550-700, The red-shanked douc langur and the black-shanked langur are both endangered. Populations of all 3 species have declined by 50-80% over the last 30 years.
The main threats to all 3 species of douc langurs are habitat loss and hunting. The forests on which douc langurs depend are disappearing at an exponential rate as logging and agricultural conversion continues. They are hunted for bush meat and for traditional medicine purposes. Their bones are used to make a substance called "monkey bone balm" which is thought to improve hemoglobin regeneration and renal function. Doucs are also used in the exotic wild life trade. The adults are killed and the infants are taken and sold as pets.
