#aph seneca

For Mohawk and Onondaga, I heavily referenced the regalia of the Haudenosaunee dancers in the Indian Village of the 2017 New York State Fair! Mohawk’s clothing is specifically based on Haneh Brandt of the Mohawk nation.

During community and ceremonial gatherings, men will wear gustowehs, a frame cap decorated with hawk, pheasant, or turkey feathers. They could be decorated with silver, animal hide, and hair. Each nation of the confederacy had their own unique gustoweh, denoted by the number and position of the feathers. Mohawk and Onondaga's own gustowehs reflect their unique styles.

Haudenosaunee beadwork, or "raised beadwork", was developed by the women in the early 18th century and has a very distinctive style. Small white beads create lacelike decorations around the edges of the dress's collar, skirt, and leggings. Men's clothing and accessories like purses and satchels were also decorated with raised beadwork.

I referenced this design for the embroidery, but sadly, I can’t seem to find a source for this :( If you do, please let me know so I can credit it!

The hummingbird pendant Mohawk is wearing was inspired by this beaded mask made by Callie Konwanonhsiyohstha Hill of the Turtle Clan Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory!

Women hold an especially large role in Haudenosaunee society. Both men’s and women’s councils could propose legislation to the Grand Council. Haudenosaunee clans, which are like extended family, were matrilineal, and the eldest woman, known as the Clan Mother, had a number of responsibilities. It was Clan Mothers who nominated the Hoyaneh, or chief, of the clan, and they could choose to remove him if he failed in his duties. Historically, Clan Mothers also had the right to call for a war party.

Upon first contact, the Haudenosaunee weren’t on great terms with the French, particularly because the French had chosen to ally with the Wyandot (Huron), who were bitter enemies with the Confederacy. They fought the decades long Beaver Wars against numerous other indigenous nations and their French allies.

The Haudenosaunee fought numerous wars against their neighbors, including the Mi’kmaq, who live in what is now Canada as well as the northeastern Maine.

The Three Sisters refer towards the three main agricultural crops of the Haudenosaunee, though many other indigenous groups also depended on them- Squash, maize/corn, and climbing beans. Maize was used not just in dishes like succotash, hominy, and many others, but  it was also used in weaving, baskets, and clothing. Women were responsible for crop cultivation, though men took part in the initial preparation by clearing the planting ground.

During the American War of Independence, the Confederacy attempted to stay neutral. However, the Tuscarora and Oneida ended up siding with the colonists, whereas the Seneca, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Mohawk remained loyal to the British.

The Smoke Dance is a social dance unique to the Haudenosaunee; though its origins are not clearly known, one theory says it originated from a war dance once exclusively performed by men. Nowadays, it’s primarily a competitive dance; men and women both compete during festivals and powwows.

Numerous Haudenosaunee men were hired to work on major construction projects starting in the late 19th century. They were called “Ironwalkers,” and many left their native communities to seek work in the cities. Due to the danger of the work, ironworkers partner up, and Haudenosaunee ironworkers typically partner with a brother or a relative. Some projects that the Haudenosaunee worked on include the George Washington Bridge, the Empire State Building, the United Nations, and the World Trade Center.