#81 chapters

Lao Tzu (Kouji Fukunaga: paperback Chikumagakugei bunko)

The Chinese classic "Lao Tzu" is a short document consisting of a short sentence fragment and 81 chapters (5,000 words), but its meaning is very deep. From now on, I will divide it into three parts and list the keywords and key points of each chapter. It is written as @ 1 = Chapter 1. 81/3 = 27 chapters each. The source is from "Lao Tzu" (Tamaki Ogawa, translation: Chuko Bunko). This blog makes sense to index and organize the Lao Tzu in me. This is the third (final) time.

(Before accepting)

@ 55: "Baby's virtue. It does not be attacked by dangerous animals (snakes, scorpions, bees, beasts, birds of prey, etc.)" "It has a lot of vitality." Lao Tzu praises the baby.

@ 56: " Those who know do not say. Those who say do not know.." Soften wisdom and assimilate with garbage:和光同塵" (@ 4) & "Saints can neither benefit nor do harm, because they are beyond praise and Backbiting . "

@ 57: "Government of the nation faces with" positive ", and military faces with" strange ". "&" A clever engineer creates an unfamiliar item. The people fight for this and the nation becomes dark. "" If you lose your greed, the people will become a Tree as cut out:樸 "(樸 has been frequent in the past. @ 19, @ 28, @ 32, etc.)

@ 58: "When politics is absent, the people are unsophisticated. When politics Keep eyes out, the people are dissatisfied and fight each other." & "Saints do not hurt people. Light in their hearts. There is, but there is no sparkle that catches the eyes. "

@ 59: "It is best for the monarch to take a regrettable attitude."

@ 60: "Governing a great power nation is like the act of" boiling small fish. " "

If you put your hand out too much and stir it, the fish will fall apart.

@ 61: "The great power nation are downstream of the river, the small ones are upstream. Just as the river flows from the tributary to the main stream, the small powers want to be fed, and the great powers want to feed." It is important to be modesty to the great power nation. "

(This part, in history, is inconsistent with the fact that the real powers forcibly annex the small ones for their own benefit. "The big nation only wants to feed everyone, All the small country wants to be subordinate to and serve another country. ”(P138) Of the“ Lao Tzu, ”I am the most mysterious contradiction. Is this the desire of the Lao Tzu? It is a small country. Did Tibet and Uighur move forward to become China's autonomous regions? And isn't China's policy a fierce attempt to erase their own culture and destroy them and make there unique country of Han Chinese?) (See @ 80)

@ 62: "The saint will not abandon the people even if they are bad. Everything is attributed to the work of the Tao." (@ 49)

@ 63: "Don't act, don't interfere. Taste the tasteless things." & "Take virtue against grudges."

This expression is reminiscent of the Christian teaching that "if you were hit your right cheek, give your left cheek."

& "There are some difficulties for saint, but in the end it will overcome."

@ 64: "Process in the signs of things. The trip of thousand miles also starts from your feet."

& "Because the saint does nothing, he does not damage anything, and because it does not stick to anything, he does not lose anything." & "The saint wants what it does not want. It doesn't want something that is hard to get. (@ 3, @ 12)

@ 65: "Negation of politics by wisdom."

@ 66: "The virtue of being low-profile." "No one can contend with a saint who does not contend."

@ 67: "The vast Tao looks stupid." & "Saints have three treasures. Charity, frugality, and not being Head".

(Head = head, head of organization)

@ 68: "The virtue of no conflict." "People who use people well are humble."

The old letter(kanji:漢字) of the letter "fight" is a hieroglyph that "two hands are trying to hold something one thing". In this case, the "thing" may be a political victory. There are many events that "things" point to.

@ 69: "The key to the war is not to be the main body of the attack, but to take a step back." "The army with sorrow always wins."

@ 70: "My words are easy to understand and practice, but no one does. (So) the saint wears brown clothes and have a jewel (wears poor clothes and hides the treasure)."

@ 71: "It's good to know and not know, it's a drawback to know without knowing."

@ 72: "If the people are not afraid of disasters, a big disaster will come."

@ 73: "Those who are not afraid to do boldly will be killed, and those who are not afraid to be timid will survive." & "The net of heaven is rough, but it will not be missed:(天網恢恢疎而不失). (This word is also famous. Although "天網恢恢疎而不漏" is more Overwhelmed by the population)

@ 74: "How do you threaten people who are not afraid of death?" "If I kill something new, why can I kill it unharmed instead of a great executor? (It can be done by God. Only.) "

@ 75: "People starve because the rulers take too much tax." & "Those who don't care about life at all are wise than those who value life."

@ 76: "When a person is born, it is soft, and when it dies, it is hard. The hard one is a death companion and the soft one is a life companion.

@ 77: "The way of heaven takes away from the surplus and gives it to the shortage, but the actual human society is the opposite."

Even if you look around the world, the rich are getting more and more financial power, and the poor are deprived more and more money. Since the time of the Junichiro Koizumi Cabinet, the Gini coefficient, which indicates the difference between rich and poor Japanese people, has risen.

@ 78: "Nothing is as soft as water, but no matter how hard it is, it is no match for water." (There are many references to the virtue of water ... @ 8, @ 43, etc.)

@ 79: "Even if you reconcile those with deep resentment, the resentment remains. Only the saints can reconcile this." & "There is no favor in the way of heaven. Always give to good people.  "

@ 80 "小国寡民(Small country&few people) :An ideal society drawn by Lao Tzu"

The country is small and the population is small (let's say). If you don't want the military to use the tools you need, if you have them, and you want the people to take their lives and not move far away, you don't have to ride a ship or car wherever you have it.  Where there are insteps and weapons, there is no chance to show them side by side. Once again, (as well as) the (ancient) world of using ropes tied by people (in contracts), making their (bad) food look good, making their (poor) clothes feel good, and Let them settle down and make their (simple) habits (life) enjoyable. (If that happens) the neighboring country is immediately visible, and even if they can hear the roar of chickens and dogs, the people will not come and go (with people from other countries) until they are old and dead.

("Lao Tzu": Tamaki Ogawa, translated from P167-P168)

The description around here is inconsistent with @ 61. It is not clear whether Lao Tzu really wants the people to live in a small country or in a large country. (Is the distinction between large and small countries relative?) This one point is difficult for me to understand.

@ 81: "The belief is not beautiful, the flowerly word is not belief. (There are some antithesis below)" & "I give out everything to others, and I have more and more possessions." & "Saint's way Is something that acts and does not contend. "

Lao Tzu ( Kunio Hachiya :paperback Iwanamibunko)

The Chinese classic "Lao Tzu" is a short document consisting of a short sentence fragment and 81 chapters (5,000 words), but its meaning is very deep. From now on, I will divide it into three parts and list the keywords and key points of each chapter. It is written as @ 1 = Chapter 1. 81/3 = 27 chapters each. The source is from "Lao Tzu" (Tamaki Ogawa, translation: Chuko Bunko). This blog makes sense to index and organize the Lao Tzu in me. This is the second time.

(Before accepting)

@ 28: "If you keep the weakness while maintaining the strength of hardness, it will become a valley in the world. Then you will acquire the same virtue. It is the uncut wood (Araki:樸) (wood as it is cut) Is equivalent to. "(See @ 19)

@ 29: "The world is not something you can catch when you try to catch it. If you stick to it, you lose it."

@ 30: "Those who have the intention of the Tao do not use force. The place where the army hangs out becomes a barren land."

@ 31: "A good weapon is an ominous tool." & "Don't be honored to win the battle. Those who do it are those who enjoy murder." Those who hold a celebration party die violent death.

@ 32: "The way the Tao is. The Tao is permanent and has no name." & "It is small wood but no one can make it a subordinate."

(See @ 19)

@ 33: "The state of an excellent person. It is a wise person who understands others, and a person who understands himself is a person who has a insight." It has a poetry-like form, such as stepping rhyme and using couplets.

@ 34: "The great Tao is like a floating ship. No matter what you can do, you don't take credit for yourself."

@ 35: "People in the world gather to those who hold a great shape. When the Tao is mentioned, it is candid."

@ 36: "The secret of never losing to war." "If you want to weaken a person, you must first strengthen it for a while. If you want to take away from it, you must give it first. (Several other examples)" & " Fish should stay at the bottom of the deep water. The nation's sharpest weapon should not be shown to anyone. "

(Note) There is a theory that the text of the ancient conspiracy book "Zhousho".　It has been said mixed in with this chapter, but since it has been regarded as a chapter of Lao Tzu since ancient times, the theory would be adopted. The point is to accelerate the decline of the enemy by consciously increasing it. You can imagine the idea of ​​"the moon that is missing when it is full" in I Ching(易経). The latter half of the word "fish is ..." is an image of the strongest modern weapon, the nuclear submarine. It is reminiscent of a fish in a deep pool firing an SLBM. This is a unique chapter among all 81 chapters of Lao Tzu.

@ 37: "The Tao is useless, but it can' t do nothing." & "The unnamed log:樸 "creates a state of unselfishness. (See @ 19)

(Up to this point, the first volume is called "Tao Sutra." The second volume is called "Virtue

Sutra." Together, it is "Lao Tzu ‘s Tao Virtue Sutra." It is the official name of "Lao Tzu.")

@ 38: "People with high virtues do not brag about it." & "Relativization of Confucian morals such as jin(仁), righteousness(義), and gratitude(礼)."

Jin and righteous people have some motive to do "good deeds."

@ 39: "One (one: perfect) ... By knowing the unification principle, heaven, earth, and living things can live." & "The king uses loneliness, widow, and poor crop as his own name."

The king is said to embody the misery of the world. Orphans are "minashigo". The widow or widower is "one person", and the non-grain is "bad crop and food is scarce".

@ 40: "The road goes back. Weakness is the function of the Tao."

@ 41: "Differences in how to accept the Tao depending on personality (3 ranks)." & "Great talents mature late "(Great talent=Large vessel)

The word "large vessel means "not that a large vessel is completed slowly, but that a large vessel is not completed".

@ 42: "The Tao does produce one, one produces two, two produces three, three produces all things." & "All things bear the yin and hold the yang."

This part is common to the Yin-Yang Wuxing theory and the view of I Ching. The intimacy is extremely high with the trinity of father, mother, and child, and I Ching, which talks about the fate of all things.

& "A ferocious thing does not die well. I make this the father of teaching." As in this chapter, there are some things that make it difficult to see the connection between the first half and the second half, making Lao Tzu particularly difficult.

@ 43: "Water rushes ignoring hard things." & "Teaching without words, things that can be compared with actions without actions are rare."

Lao Tzu praised water in the previous chapter. (See @ 8)

@ 44: "Which do you choose, honor or body?" "If you are too greedy, you will suffer a huge loss."

The question mark was asked, "What is the significance of the honor of damaging the body?"

Also, greed is a source of earthly desires.

@ 45: "It looks like there is something missing in the big ones. (Hereafter, the same purpose is expressed in antithesis.)"

@ 46: "If there is no war, war horses will become farm horses." & "Knowing enough is always enough."

A bell against spreading desires indefinitely.

@ 47: "Knowing the world without leaving the house. The farther you go, the less you know."

Nowadays, the power of television, radio, and the Internet makes it possible to understand the world, but how did Lao Tzu know about the world? It is a mystery to modern people. Also, if the person traveling visits a tourist destination or a commercial city, the blind person will only get information that is junky.

@ 48: "When you study, you will know more. Those who do the Tao will reduce what they do."

From a slightly twisted point of view, if you study and do the Tao, what you know and what you do is the same. So I see that both are needed.

@ 49: "The idea of ​​good is completed, with good people as good and non-good people as good."

Only when you know that it is "bad" can you understand that it is "good." Both are two sides of the same coin. In this view, saints do not discriminate against different people. (See @ 27)

@ 50: "The way to divide life and death ... Who can predict? Many people who are obsessed with life go to the dead place."

@ 51: "The Tao creates creatures, and virtue nurtures them."

The kanji "Toku(徳)" originally has one more stroke, and when the character is translated, it can be read as "going the way with an honest heart." Then you will meet various tangible and intangible treasures on the road. In kanji, it leads to the homophone "Toku(得)".

@ 52: "There is a mother in the world. You know a child from its mother, you know a mother from its child, and you will not be harmed until you die."

@ 53: "The people are hungry, but the dynasty has sharp weapons, and gets bored. It is a country that is off the Tao." (← For example, modern North Korea. There must have been such a country even during the Spring and Autumn Warring States period.)

@ 54: "With well-prepared equipment, offspring will continue to respect their ancestors. It is a virtue of the Tao." & "I see a virtuous person from the eyes of a ruler."

There are similarities between governing a country and governing a home.

Lao Tzu(A paperback book cover:Chuko Bunko)

The Chinese classic "Lao Tzu(老子)" is a short document consisting of a short sentence fragment and 81 chapters (5,000 words), but its meaning is very deep. From now on, I will divide it into three parts and list the keywords and key points of each chapter. It is written as @ 1 = Chapter 1. 81/3 = 27 chapters each. The source is from "Lao Tzu" (Tamaki Ogawa, translation: Chuko Bunko). Above all, this blog makes sense to index and organize the Lao Tzu in me.

@ 1: "The true way cannot be told (free translation: the original text is" the Tao(way )to say is not the usual way "" & "difference in presence / absence / superiority of nothing to presence" ...・ From the beginning, one of the most difficult chapters in Lao Tzu.

(Note) The phrase "what the way should say is not the usual way" and "everyday = immutable" are not "immutable" ways if the way can be told (in Mr. Ogawa's note). ... is said to be. However, instead of the concept of "everyday = immutable road, principle", the meaning of the word "everyday" is taken to another meaning, and it is called "everyday = ordinary", and the way in general is called "way". It seems reasonable, too, so I said, "The true Tao(way )cannot be told," in the sense that it contains both contradictory meanings of "always."

As evidence of this, Zhaozhou was asked, "What is the way?" In a question and answer with a disciple of Zen Buddhist priest Zhaozhou Congshen, which was established under the influence of the Daojia idea. "Is it a way? If it's a way, it's straight to the city." It looks like the metaphysical questions have been rejected in advance. I think that more concrete words than abstract metaphors are appropriate for the teaching of "reality-based" Lao Tzu. The understanding of Zhaozhou Congshen's way is also valid. Even so, if "remarks about the usual way are meaningless", then one volume of "Lao Tzu" would be meaningles.

@ 2: "Relativity of beauty and ugliness, elimination of binary opposition" (everyone in the world regards something as "beautiful"At that time, it was already ugly. ) ‥ ‥ ‥ ‥ ‥ ‥ ‥

@ 3: "Don't make heavy use of wise man" & "Don't value hard-to-find coins" (Don't value and don't ask for hard-to-find items) & "If you ”do　do nothing” it won't never settle down, "Don't do anything" ... One of the fundamental concepts of Lao Tzu. However, spending lazy days is not called do nothing.

@ 4: "The function of the Tao is that the pot does not run out of water" & "Wako Doujin(和光同塵)" (Saints do not exert their inner power and light (Wako) and live like ordinary people . (Same dust))

@ 5: "Just like there is no jin(kindness) in the heavens and the earth, there is no jin in the saint" & "Don't talk too much" (In this case, jin is the basic concept of the Confucian family = the kindness of the human heart, and is a human being. This is the reason, but Lao Tzu denies it.)

@ 6: "The goddess of the valley (where water gathers) is immortal."

@ 7: "Since the saint does not have itself, It will complete its personal affairs."

@ 8: "Water is close to the Tao" "It is in a place where everyone despises, not fighting for all things" "Greatest good is like water": Lao Tzu praises water.

@ 9: "I should stop holding things that are impossible"

@ 10: "(Chapter that wrote about a kind of meditation)"

@ 11: “Nothing “has great uses.

@ 12: "Don't get lost in external stimulation" & "Hard-to-find coins" (@ 3)

@ 13: "It care about the evaluation of others because It has its own body. If It doesn't have a body, what harm will attack it?" "Only for those who value only their own body, we can

trust the nation. (See the contradiction-filled chapter, @ 7.) The only people who can do this will be those who have near-death experiences.

@ 14: "What you can't see, what you can't hear, what you can't catch: It's the work of the Tao to recognize these."

@ 15: "Write the state of an old man."

@ 16: "Even if all things flourish, they will definitely return to their roots." "← Those who know this truth will reach the Tao."

@ 17: "Four classifications of kings" (The best king only knows that there are such people.

The king of the next rank was praised by the people ... and so on.)

@ 18: "The Tao(way) is gone and there is a righteousness. ← Relativizing the fundamental concept of the Confucian family .: The virtues of Jin (仁)and Gi (義)are born after the Tao is lost." (See @ 5)

@ 19: "Abandon the sacred and wisdom, abandon the jin and righteousness, and the people will benefit and be filial." & "Araki: Wood as it is cut out. "Is the state before it is processed into various parts and used, and Lao Tzu praises this.

@ 20: "What is the value of learning?" & "People seem to have floated at a banquet, but I'm like a baby who hasn't laughed yet. I'm cheerfully fed by the breasts of my mother's way. It’ s a good

@ 21: "The great virtue" & "Ecstasy:" Etymology of ecstasy "

@ 22: "The twisted one remains completely."

@ 23: "It is against nature to be chattering at any time. The same is true of natural phenomena." (Hyofu: heavy wind does not end the morning, and showers (heavy rain) also end the day.

@ 24: "Unreasonable behavior does not last long."

@ 25: "The Tao was born before the heavens and the earth."

@ 26: "The great person doesn't act lightly." Even if I t encounter a wonderful scenery while traveling, It doesn’t get out of the car.

This situation is called "Swallow stand still absolutely". Because it knows its importance in the world.

@ 27: "Those who win things do not leave a mark of their actions." & "Saints do not abandon anyone." "Masters ... teachers and disciples(師資).": From the perspective of saints, Almost everyone is imperfect, but it hone itself (capital(資本): this is the same usage as capitalism today).