An epileptic seizure is defined as being a sudden, uncontrollable surge of electrical activity in the brain.
Epilepsy is a brain (neurological) disorder defined by recurrent unprovoked seizures (caused by abnormal electrical activity)
These seizures are then categorized as being either focal or generalized
A focal seizure is one that occurs with abnormal activity in only one area of the brain. This area can be any lobe of the brain.
They are then categorized as being either preserved consciousness meaning the person maintains a level of awareness and responsiveness or impaired consciousness where the person does not maintain a full level of awareness and responsiveness. You may also hear it be referred to as aware or unaware.
A generalized seizure occurs when the whole brain experiences abnormal activity. This is what causes the most commonly known seizure, tonic-clonic’s. However, many other types fall under this category including myoclonic, atonic, and absence.
Treatment involves anti-epileptic drugs and for more drug resistant types implanted devices and brain surgery can be options.
For more information on what an epileptic seizure is and epilepsy I will link Mayo Clinic, The Epilepsy Foundation, and Cleveland Clinic.
There are also non epileptic seizures which are sometimes called psychogenic non epileptic seizures or functional seizures. These are essentially events that resemble an epileptic seizure but are not caused by abnormal brain activity.
It’s important to note that these are NOT faked.
They can have either a physical cause or a mental cause
Physical causes include head trauma, sleep issues, cardiac arrhythmias, low blood sugar, fevers, migraines.
Mental causes include dissociative disorders, anxiety, depression, personality disorders, PTSD.
Treatment typically involves treating the underlying cause.
For more information on non epileptic seizures I will link The Epilepsy Foundation and Cedars-Sinai
Many people with epilepsy also experience non-epileptic seizures. Proper diagnosis and treatment is vital.