The Gentleman Aunt

Convergence of form in groundwater wildlife from different regions of the world.

A quick definition... characters that are considered a result of permanent life in subterranean habitats are referred to as "troglomorphisms."

Dr. Ron Brandon wrote of the suite of characteristics that tended to be observed in North America's diverse, obligate subterranean, groundwater-inhabiting salamanders: An elongation of the head, a flattening of the head, a general trend toward a "shovel shaped" head, an increase in the number of teeth, a reduction of pigmentation and of eyes, and an elongation and attenuation of the body and limbs. These are common troglomorphisms observed in said salamanders. The same trend is also observed in Europe's "Olms." The "duck-biled" mouth is a characteristic observed in various groundwater fishes as well - see the image here comparing the face and mouth shape of obligate groundwater fishes from opposite sides of the planet (China and North America). Why? Dr. Brandon's hypothesis (H₁): The flattening of the head and the increased teeth (relative to surface-inhabiting related species) leads to more efficient prey capture and handling. This confers an evolutionary advantage in a habitat where feeding opportunities might be scarce, even rare in some systems. Every opportunity is significant; maximizing said events is key to surviving in the habitat. If this is true, strong evolutionary pressures toward improved prey capture and handling will influence head shape in evolutionary time. In fact, that is what we observe in unrelated groups of organisms. This doesn't mean that there can't be other hypotheses for the observed head shape and the convergence on it by multiple species in unrelated groups of salamanders.... OR that this is absolutely why we observe what we observe; however, the hypothesis does explain the convergence of head shape. Hope you enjoy these amazing inhabitants of subterranean waters from around the world. Here is what the "salamander circle" is represented by: the following...

Clockwise, starting at 12 noon:

European Olm (Proteus anguinus), Tennessee Cave Salamander (Gyrinophilus palleucus palleucus), Cascade Cavern Salamander (Eurycea latitans), Georgia Blind Salamander (Eurycea wallacei), Comal Blind Salamander (Eurycea tridentifera), Texas Blind Salamander (Eurycea rathbuni), Western Grotto Salamander-larva (Eurycea spelaea), Western Grotto Salamander-adult (Eurycea spelaea)

by Tove Ditlevsen tr. Cynthia Graae and Michael Goldman

Anxiety is old it reeks of childhood it has no object is awakened by glances, words and sudden noise lives in recurring dreams where the one you love shows the deadly hatred he hides by day.

People’s eyes are yellow they are too close together and they have no lashes over them their menacing eyebrows run endlessly together the corners of their mouths dislocate and twist, watercolor-wet do not look at them slip away from any dangerous and keen attention.

Wrap yourself in rhythms and rhymes from the old bygone songs hide with the troll and the dragon the pure evil shy away from all affection even from the child who plays with and caresses the cat shy away from his expectation his memories his blocked future.

Seek the company of those who peacefully turned away want nothing from you libraries waiting rooms railway stations people with suitcases in hand have firm contours unknown goals in a world that is not yours.

All the others are transformed under your stare as if under windswept waves they know that you see their secrets and innermost thoughts hate your lurking and waiting you do not know the day of the catastrophe approaching by the hour.

An interesting game where you are presented with 10 artifacts from the MET. You have to place where the artifact is from and what time period it is from. Each artifact scores up to 10,000 points, and you lose points the further away your guess is and how far off in time you are. You can only play once a day. Thanks to @baebeylik for showing this to me.

Today I scored really well. Yesterday ... not so much.

Yellow leatherleaf slug, Vaginulus taunaisii, Veronicellidae