The primary purpose of ethics is to eliminate the difference between rich and poor people. Ethics promote equality and pyramid is used to show how ethics work. At the first layer of pyramid, moral judgement is present. While in the middle of it is the legal rules and the last layer is for ethical system.

The standards that are set aligned with the government laws is called Legal standards. Government laws are set of rules that we obey every day. Legal standards are useful because it helps people to be aware of the things that they can do and cannot do. Authorities can take an action or impose rules if someone violate the legal standards. If there are legal standards there are also called ethical standards. Ethical standards do not necessarily have legal basis. These standards are based on human principles of right and wrong.

Computer Ethics. Computer ethics is associated with standards of conduct of computers. Ethical and unethical actions are discussed and prioritized here. In addition, computer ethics helps computing professionals to make right decisions when it comes to professional and social conduct.

Areas of Computer Ethics

Copyright Intellectual Property

Netiquette

Day-to-day Ethics

The creations of the intellect, invention, literary and artistic works, symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce are all part of Intellectual Property. Intellectual property is divided into two branches; industrial property and copyright. Industrial property focuses on protecting inventions, trademarks, industrial design, commercial names, designations and geographic indications. On the other hand, copyright protects literary works like novels, poems, play, films, musical works, and artistic works like paintings, photography, sculptures and architectural designs. So basically, internet do not have a copyright law because according to copyright law, ideas, procedures, systems or methods or operation are excluded in copyright. Online works which were exposed in public is not covered by copyright laws. Hence, developing another work or program based from existing ideas, concept or principles is acceptable.

Netiquette. Netiquette is about the different risk connected with the used of internet. In short it refer of proper ways of using networks and determining if the information in the internet is reliable or not.

Day-to-day Ethics

Software piracy. Reproducing a copy of software and then sell it to gain profit or distributes it without giving proper credit to the owner.

Creation of computer viruses.  Bad if the purpose is stealing information or destroying data of others. This can be good if it is used to cure or prevent another virus from attacking the system.

Plagiarism. Copying someone else work and then claiming it as yours. This kind of action is morally bad because basically it is stealing and stealing is not right.

Hacking. Illegally accessing on other’s computers system.

File Privacy. Authorized personnel or the owner are the only one who can open the documents.

Programming Ethics

Contribute to society and human well-being

Avoid harm to others

Be honest and trustworthy

Give proper credit for intellectual property

Respect and privacy of others

Honor Confidentiality

10 commandments of Computer Ethics

Thou shalt not use a computer to harm people.

Thou shalt not interfere other people’s computer work.

Thou shalt not snoop around in other people’s computer files.

Thou shalt not use a computer to steal.

Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness.

Thou shalt not copy or use inappropriate software for which you have not paid (without permission).

Thou shalt not use other people’s computer resources without authorization or proper compensation.

Thou shalt not appropriate other’s people intellectual output.

Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system you are designing.

Thou shalt use computer in ways that ensure consideration and respect for other humans.

 Computer crime refers to criminal activity that involves information technology infrastructure including illegal access, illegal interception, data interference, system interference, misuse of devices, forgery, and electronic fraud.

Developing software design is exciting especially for those who are into graphics and designs. To develop a better software, designs should be appropriate and functional at all times. And for this to happen, designs patterns were introduced in software engineering.

Software design pattern serves as general reusable solution to a problem in a software design. This kind of idea was created by architect Christopher Alexander and eventually applied in software engineering.

In software engineering a lot of design patterns were made so programmers can have an option in reusing it to provide a solution to a specific problem. Software design pattern has the list of best practices which was proven in a way that the programmers can reuse it effectively because errors are minimize already. On the other hand, object-oriented design patterns show relationship and interaction between classes or objects. This can be use in programming method like in functional and also there is design patterns for those programming paradigms.

Interaction design patterns are applied in human-computer interaction to describe common designs for GUI. One of the examples here is the UML class diagram which is common in software engineering. This can be used in documenting by reusing those types of designs.

In creating GUI guidelines should be use in designing and there should be also standards set for different platform like in web and mobile.

Universal Design

In universal design it is discourage to target your customer because universal means applicable to all. Regardless of nationality, gender, age, color, capability, and many more, universal design were created to cater many users. This design promotes simplicity and easier to use.

Types of Universal Design

Usable. The design of product and its environment to be usable by a large number of people without the need for adaptation. Conduct usability test to assess and determine the level of simplicity of the design.

Accessible. The needs of people with disabilities are considered. In general, products, services, and facilities can be independently used by people with special needs.  

Inclusive. A philosophy in designing that means accepting diverse people in order to engage with organization, products, and services.

The Principles of Universal Design

Equitable Use. This design is useful and marketable to any group of users.

Flexibility in Use. Accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities.

Simple and Intuitive. Understandable design because even the user do not have experience, knowledge, language, skills, or current concentration level.

Perceptible Information. This design has something to do with communication of information to user despite of  any conditions or user’s sensory abilities.

Tolerance for Error. The design minimizes hazards and adverse of unintended actions.

Low Physical Effort. The design can be efficiently and comfortably with minimum of fatigue.

Size and Space for Approach and Use. Appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and user’s size and mobility.

Have you ever experienced visiting a website and then you got curious about the language used because you realize how cool and interactive it is? Well, probably Javascript is the reason behind it. Javascript is one of the best and popular scripting languages today.

The good thing about Javascript is it can be embedded in html document. Browsers that recognize by Javascript can also recognize the <script></script> tag. Script tag is inside the head along with the title tag of a html document.

Here’s the format example:

<head>

<title>Javascript</title>

<script>start coding here</script>

</head>  

Every line of javascript should end with semicolon and also when the input is text you must always put it inside a “double quote” to prevent errors. In addition, just like other languages javascript is also case sensitive so always be careful whenever you declare variables or name identifiers. Variables serves as storage or container which can hold different types of data.

Javascript has four uses; browser detection cookies, control browser, validate forms. Browser detection detects the browser used by a visitor at your page. While Cookies, is a method of storing information in visitor’s device, and then retrieve the information automatically. Control browsers is about opening pages in customize computer devices. Lastly, Javascript validate forms which inputs are validated in fields before submitting a form.

When Computers communicate with each other by means of multiple languages and multimedia packages that in order to produce a dynamic website is called Web technology.

Here are the Components of Web Technology:

Browsers

Browsers serves as an interpreter of the web. It is used for accessing sites or information on the web. Browser helps user to get easily get access on a data on the web. One example of browser is Google Chrome.

HTML and CSS

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is a formatting langauge or a building block of a website. Html consists of various elements followed by an opening and closing tag <html></html>. There is also what you call dynamic HTML and it is composed of Javascript, CSS, Document Object Model (DOM) which function is to allow the designer to access element in a HTML page. The Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) role is to manipulate html elements. The design of the page on the screen depend on how it is style using CSS.

HTML versions: HTML 2.0, HTML 3.2, HTML 4.0, XHTML, HTML 5.0

Web Development Frameworks

A set of resources used by software developers to build and manage websites. This serves as tools guide in creating more the just simple websites. Programming Language A scripting or computer language that is used to create software programs.

Some of the programming language: Javascript, Ruby, PHP, Coffeescript, Go, Swift, and Java

Protocols

A set of instructions on how to pass information or data between computers and devices. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Distributed Data Processing (DPA), and REST are important protocols in web technology.

Data Formats refers to storing data.

Application Programming Interface (API)

Software development has a lot of aspects and one of the important aspect of it is the software deployment. Software deployment is similar to software installation or implementation wherein the program that was written is put into production in short, it is a process of running application on a server or device.  his aspect have steps, processes and activities which are required to make software update available to end-user. Nowadays, IT organizations  and software developers updates patches and new application using manual and automated processes.

Activities of software deployment: 

Release

Installation

Testing

Deployment

Performance Monitoring

For the past decades, software development team improved in creating paradigms and method for software delivery just to meet the demands and standards of the consumers. They created workflows that enable faster and more frequent of software deployment of software updates to production team wherein they can be reached by end-users. Software deployment in web-based application is much faster compared to client-server based application, because once you update your program in the server, it will be automatically available. In client-server based, applications are directly installed in the computer that is why you need to update installations in your computer for it to become available. In mobile-based application you can update it through apps store or play store and sometimes it can be update automatically or manually, it depends on the mobile app.

Difference Between Software Deployment and Software Release 

Software deployment has a bigger scope or a large scale of deployment in running  unlike the software release. In software deployment, the software application or update can be deployed through tester , testing machine or live environment. Test server or test machine serves as safety nets because it check first if the modules or the programs have bugs or errors before it is released to operation team. It is recommended to provide a test server or machine especially when you’re working with big project and large team because in this way you can prevent bigger problem in the production stage.

Software release is about identifying the specific release of a software. Software release cycle deals with stages of development whether it released a piece of computer software as a physical media, online, or web-based application. When a development team released a new version of software it includes specific version of a code or program and associated resources. Versioning new software releases is a technique that helps to differentiate between different versions and to determine the most up-to-date software release. During versioning, the development team are required to update the previous and latest version of the software.

 Software Development and Deployment Methodologies

DevOps is like a concept or philosophy of best practices  that needs to be followed  in order to achieved specific goals. The primarily goal of DevOps is to make the time short for updating new big software application while maintaining the quality of it. Big companies mostly used it to utilize and make sure that  their applications are always updated.

DevOps Engineer is someone who have experience in development and capable of leading the development and operation team.

7 Steps in Software Development Process

Coding

Building

Testing

Packaging

Releasing

Configuring

Monitoring

Software Deployment Process

Each organization has its own process for software deployment. It can be based from existing framework or concept of best practices or creating a new process that can be able to achieved important business objectives or goals.

 Software Deployment General Phases:

Preparation - gather codes then deploy it along with libraries, configuration files, or resources needed for the application. This will be released as a single software.

Testing - test (use test server or tester machine)and review modules before deploying update to the live environment.

Deployment - before deploying the application in the live environment developers run a set of scripts to update databases. Once the database is updated they check if there is any bugs or error.

Today, most of us have smartphones and I think we always enjoy and appreciate the benefits of it every day. Everything that we need-- information, data, communication, virtual community, entertainments, businesses and locations just name it, smartphones can do, provide and make possible things for us. Android and iOS will not be totally smartphones without mobile applications. So now, I am going to tackle things about mobile applications designing development.

The rise of smartphones starts in 2010. The smartphones units sold surpassed Personal Computers (PC) units during that year and the growth of it was about 82.2% compared to PC units. Game changing, that’s how they described iPhone, one of the successful product of Steve Jobs. The specifications and conceptualization of iPhone is not the same as android. It was first developed with a one button only and it went through a long and rigorous process for it to be unique but at the same time high quality phone. On the other hand, the history of mobile phone platforms has been more distinct than the Personal Computers. Different platforms of smartphones, and those installed apps are primarily used for personal purposes like music, email, games, internet and many more.

Smartphones enable us to download multiple applications using only one device. There are top mobile applications used and here are some of it:

Location Based Services (LBS) - used for food and other services and also serves as a tracking device.

Augmented Reality

Mobile Learning

Device Integration - used for inter-operation.

Near Field Communication (NFC)

Personalised Advertising - targeted advertising in social media like in facebook and instagram.

Health / Fitness

In designing a mobile app, here are the things you need to know:

Choose a Software Development Kit (SDK)

Learn an SDK

Design and Develop

Publish to Relevant App Store

Promote

In iPhone, for you to be able develop an app you need a mac and you should know how to use swift language. During the deployment stage, the app that you developed will undergo approval process in appstore just to make sure that is free from any virus. When the app is approved, then the 30% of the profit will go to Apple.

Android is an open source software that has own operating system, middleware and key applications. Currently, the programming language used in android is Kotlin. Unlike in iPhone, android treats applications equally and no need for approval process during deployment. As a result, it is more easy for the developers to create, deploy and promote applications. One of the strategies of promoting or marketing application is by making it free yet a quality application. In this way you can gain great numbers of users and by that time you can also add an advertisements in your app to make a profit out of it. Once you earned profit from your app, hundred percent of it will be yours, in short there is no sharing profit in android compared to iPhone.

Ways of earning money out of an App:

Free with ads

Free with in-app purchase

Micro pay systems (not available in all countries)

Cut down/trial version  - provide paid ‘pro’ versions

Android Application and its Activity

Android applications package files is ‘myapp.apk’. Multiple activities can be handled by android application. Android activities provides a screen which user can interact to some applications like for example sending an email, taking pictures, browsing in social media, sending a file and many more. Every activity has a window which is use its interface.

Here are Application Building Blocks:

Activities

View

Layouts

Notifications

ContentProviders

AndroidManifest.xml

Intent & Intent Recievers

PhoneGap is an open source mobile development framework that helps developers to build applications for mobile devices using JavaScript, HTML, and CSS .

Key Considerations in Mobile App Design:

Consider mobile users habits - know and measure how  often the user use mobile app.

Joy of use -  know the expectation of user or how will the app affect them personally.

Use the abilities of phone to do more

User Test, gather feedback  - developers experienced in their app are sometimes different from the user experienced.  Through user test and gathering feedback applications can be improved and error can be fixed.

Big is beautiful - smartphones have different versions and sizes so user interface must be flexible in order custom fit.

Signal strength - consider the internet connection.

Empower the user.

Mobile application developers handles front end and back end programming tasks so it is necessary to be knowledgeable in using photoshop and other software applications. It will help the developers to conceptualize and create a great flow and interactive user-interface for their app.

Developing a project, specifically a system without identifying or establishing its requirements would be hard. System would be at risk, if it will not undergo this very important process. This will also compromise development team’s time along the way. So to understand the importance of software requirements, I am going to share things that I have learned on our previous lesson.

Software Requirements serves as the first step in developing systems or software. It is necessary to know and establish first the requirements needed in a project before proceeding to the next step. This will help you to avoid bigger problems in the future. The description of functions and conditions of a specific systems is called requirements engineering. This process establishes services that the customers needs from a system. So teams should have a clear understanding on what to develop and should be careful in gathering requirements.

Requirements focuses  on what should be done in the system or the compositions of the systems. Requirements are agreement with the clients. In addition, scope should be discussed with the clients for better understanding of the project.  There are three types of requirements; user requirements, system requirements and software requirements. User requirements are needed requirements of users.  In order to communicate better with the user, the language used is natural language and it is in written form. On the other hand, system requirements are components needed in the system. This is written in a contract between client and contractor. Lastly, software requirements are written for developers. In this part, descriptions are very detailed because this will be used for designing and implementing the system.

In developing a project, software specification is important because without it programming will not exist. And during the time development, team leader or project manager must assign tasks for each member in his/her team. Eventually this will help the team to have a proper coordination.

Setting out services that the system should provide is called functional requirements. Here, although different kinds of function should be use, the requirements completeness and consistency  are considered and should be prioritize.  Establishing conflicts in a specific area can help to solve problems earlier. In non-functional requirements, standards should be set and the performance of the system should meet. The non-functional requirements have three classifications; Product requirements, Organisational requirements and External requirements. The product requirements focus on behaviors of product like for example the speed, size, reliability, portability and robustness of it. The organisational requirements are more on standards and policies while the external requirements are focus on programming languages.

If there are functional and non-functional requirements, there is also domain requirements. Domain requirements originally came from application domain which purpose it to describe system characteristics and features that reflect the domain.

Requirements document is the statement of what the system should do. The focus of this requirements is to present the objectives or the specification.

In writing requirements, there are guidelines that need to be followed:

Invent standard format.

Use language in a consistent way.

Use text highlighting.

Avoid the use of computer jargon. It should be in layman’s term so the clients can understand you.

Structure of Requirements Document:

Introduction

Glossary

User requirements definition

System architecture

System requirements specification

System models

System evolution

Appendices

Index

To summarize, software requirements are made to avoid big loopholes along the  process and this will help your project to succeed.

Types of Application Development

Desktop Applications Development are softwares that usually don’t need an internet connection because it is compiled through machine or Operating System to perform some tasks. There are a lot of frameworks that can be an option and used in desktop application development. It will just depend on the developer what kind of framework he/she will use.

Types of Desktop Frameworks:

Desktop Frameworks for Windows App Development

Desktop Frameworks for MacOS

Cross-Platform Desktop Frameworks

Frameworks for the Native Windows Development

Swing

Windows Forms / Winforms

Cocoa

Web Application Development is a creation of application programs that needs an internet for it to be use by the user and this occupies remote computers.

A project will succeed if it goes through a properly-defined methodology. Choosing the best software development methodology for a project is necessary, because it helps the development team to achieved the objectives and goals that they set in their project. In order to understand the significance of software development methodologies in developing projects, here are the things that I've learned on our lesson last week.

There are various types of software:

System Software

Application Software

Freeware

Commercial / Shareware

Open-Source Software

In-house Software

These types of software have a different approach and used different methodologies in developing a project.

System Development is the process of describing, designing, testing and implementing a new software application or program.

Principle in software development is composed of techniques and generic ideas that can be helpful in developing a project.

System Development principles:

Get the system users involved.

Use solving problem-approach.

Establish phases and activities.

Document through development.

Establish standards.

Manage the process and the projects.

Justify systems as capital investments.

Don't be afraid to cancel or revise scope.

Divide and conquer.

Design system for growth and change.

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a sequential approach in developing information systems. The SDLC methodology is usually used in in-house software. This kind of methodology makes the user aware about the repetition, changes or improvement in the steps. It helps the user to picture out and understand what is going on in every phase. There are studies that proves the effectivity of this methodology. The Rothi and Yen (1989) study explained the use of traditional SDLCs models while the study conducted by Osborn (1995) discussed the SDLCs techniques and how over time the phases in every approaches have become enriched in a development cycle that includes:

Defining requirements

Designing a system to meet the requirements

Coding

Testing 

There are 7 phases in SDLC:

Planning – Identify objectives and scope before proceeding to project plan.

Analysis – Gather business requirements.

Design – Design technical architecture and system models.

Development – Build technical architecture, databases and programs.

Testing – Write test conditions and perform testing.

Implementation – Writ user documentation and provide training.

Maintenance – Build a help desk and supporting system changes.

The development team must be knowledgeable about their system after the implementation phase to prevent problems between the team and the client.

Lightweight Methodologies are compromise between no process and too much process.

Here are some of the examples:

Adaptive Software Development (ASD)

Agile Software Process (ASP)

Crystal

Rationale Unified Process (RUP)

Boehms Spiral Model

 Structure Analysis and Designs

Waterfall Methodology is considered as the classic approach to the development cycle just like the SDLC. In this methodology, linear and sequential development method are used.

Phases of Waterfall Methodology:

Requirements

Design

Implementation

Verification

Maintenance

Waterfall methodology is easy to understand and user-friendly. It provides structure to inexperience staff and good for managing control like plan, staff and track. This methodology also sets requirements stability. However, once the process starts changes to the requirements are not allowed. Requirement must be known upfront.

Prototyping is the process of creating a model that explains the features of a suggested product, service or system.

Prototyping Process has four steps:

 Identify basic requirements

 Develop initial prototype

 User review

 Revise and enhance the prototype

Agile Methodology is based on incremental iterative approach. The good thing about the agile methodology is requirements can be change over time. It also encourages constant feedback from the end users. The main goal of this methodology is to provide flexibility of an iterative approach while ensuring quality product.

Principle of agile methodology:

Customer involvement

 Incremental Delivery

People not process

 Embrace Change

 Maintain simplicity

There are two options in building IT systems.

Insourcing includes selecting IT specialist within the organization to develop a system.

Outsourcing is the delegation of specific work to a third party for a specified length of time, cost and level of service.

Outsourcing options:

Purchase existing software

Purchase existing software and paying the publisher to make certain modifications.

Purchase existing software and paying the publisher for the right to make modifications yourself.

Have you ever heard cloud computing? Well, if not, here are the information about the cloud computing.

Cloud computing is delivery on computing services over the internet. Cloud computing services will give you resources such as storage, servers, networks and softwares that you can used for your or your team's future projects. The resources depend on what you pay, like for example if you pay more, you will probably get multiple resources and if you pay less you can still get resources though there's a limitation.

Cloud computing services has a lot of advantages compared to on-premise set up. The first advantage is it is cheap yet it has high capablility and flexibility compared on-premise. Huge space for server are needed in on-premise and you will need to appoint a team for hardware and software maintenance, while in cloud computing no expert required for maintenance and no server space required. Softwares updates in cloud computing are automatic while on-premise are not. Lastly, cloud computing services enables you to not just accessed and managed your data over the internet but also to backup or recover your data.

The disadvantage of cloud computing is when it comes to ownership of data or the data privacy. We all know that when the data are exposed on the internet, there is a possibility that it can be used or accessed by other people though it depends on the terms and conditions of the cloud computing providers. The cloud providers are Amazon (amazon web services), Microsoft Azurez, IBM cloud and Google cloud platform.

Cloud computing has different types; Public Cloud, Private Cloud and Hybrid Cloud. Public Cloud means it is available to the general public over the internet and the cloud provider. Providers here delivers computing resources like servers and storage. In private cloud, it is exclusively managed by a single organization or a third party and may exists on-primise or off premise. Services and Infrastructure are available only to a private network. Lastly, Hybrid cloud is the combination of both public and private cloud. Hence, you need to choose what types of cloud computing is compatible on your future projects.

Cloud computing has also types of service models and these are the IaaS (Infrastructure as a service), PaaS (Platform as a service), and SaaS (software as a service). Iaas is a cloud service that provides a basic computing infrastructure while PaaS provides platforms and runtime environment for developing, testing and managing applications. SaaS provides host and manage the software application on a pay-as-you-go pricing basis.

Convergence of Emerging Technologies

Our days are not complete without visiting social media or checking calls and messages through our cell phones right? Well, cell phones belongs to technologies and technologies are the reason why things are way easier now than before. Multiple technologies are now rapidly changing including cell phones or smart phones which has now fingerprints detector and facial recognition features. These kind of innovation are the result of emerging technologies. In order to understand how advance technologies are, here are some of emerging technologies examples.

Intelligent Sensors and Wireless Sensor Networks

Intelligent sensor is a kind of sensor that detects a particular action through light, motion, heat, sounds and many more. Sensors capabilities opens opportunities in medical instrumentation, factory and office automation, automotive and transportation, telecommunications and structural fatigue monitoring. The common examples are:

• Cellphones and Mobile Networking

• Bridges and Structural Monitoring

• Machinery Operation Monitoring System

• Inventory and Status check on factory floors

• Oil-field pipeline equipment etc.

Intelligent Cars and Smart Highways

Intelligent cars are developed with sensors and artificial intelligence (AI). The purpose of these cars is to enhance the efficiency of engine performance as well as to keep the driver safe. One of the examples of intelligent cars is the Lane Change Assist, where it informs the driver when changing lanes on roads and highways.

Tele-health ( Wireless healthcare monitoring)

Doctors and people in the medical field can now use technology in disseminating health- related information and services. Today, long distance is not a problem anymore because doctors can do check ups, give some advice, share education, and monitor their patients or activities through technology.

Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS)

Would you believe that there is a machine that looks like invisible? Well, this kind of machine exists. MEMS is a machine that cannot be seen by our naked eye because of its size and weight. MEMS technology designs Integrated Electromechanical Systems that merges computing with sensing and activation. This high reliability technology can be applied in commercial, industrial and medical system.

Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is composed of research and technology. It creates and uses structures that has original properties because of its tiny size. Nanotechnology also have the ability to control or manipulate atomic scale.

Clean Technology

Clean technologies are made to properly make use the natural resources and to prevent abusing it. The common applications of clean technology are:

• Alternate/Sustainable energy sources: soil, wind, wave etc.

• Fuel-cells

• Smart-grid

• Smart-meters

Robotic and Automation

Robots and advance machine are build with advance artificial intelligence and soft computing techniques. Intelligent sensors and signal processing enables robots and machines to perform better and with accuracy.

Computers hava a big impact on our lives. We used computers, most of the time for it helps us accomplish some tasks easier, especially now that we are in the midst of a pandemic. Everything, including education, is now dependent on it. For decades, computer's innovation in terms of hardware and software has seen an exceptional change. So now I want to share what I have learned about the brief history of software development.

The first programmable electronic digital computer named Colossus was released in 1944. Decipher the encrypt messages during World War II was the main function of it. After Collosus in 1946, ENIAC was created and it was 1940s period when John Von Neumann made the architecture's of today computers. The Von Neumann machine stores program in the memory of a computer for it to be processed while the Collosus doesn't have this kind of function.

In 1950s, Fortran, the first progamming language which is intended for scientific computations was released. Punchcards were used in storing data in this period. The mainframe computer still exists in 1960s and during 1970s the transition of mainframe computer to personal computer (pc) started. In this time, microcomputers first appeared on the market and a lot of programs are installed on it. In the middle years, software engineering boost the software development.

During 1980s, softwares started to became popular though the first software named Baby was introduced in 1948. Software applications like AutoCAD, MS word and Ms excel was launched in this period that is why people before were eager to have an access on computers. In 1990s, internet became common and the open source software was created. The open source operating system was originally based from Linux kernel. In 1995, java a was introduced and later on it was followed by other programming languages like C, C++, Cobol and many more.