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The kidney is a mitochondria-rich organ with high energy requirements in the body.

Abnormalities and dysfunction of renal mitochondria affect several cellular pathways, leading to increased oxidative stress, apoptosis, microvascular loss and fibrosis, all of which can impair kidney function.

Mitochondria are the primary source of energy for hepatocytes and play a major role in extensive oxidative metabolism and normal liver function. This critical role also designates mitochondria as a gateway function at the center of signaling pathways mediating hepatocyte injury, as impaired mitochondrial function can affect cell survival and contribute to the development and persistence of liver disease.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is rapidly developing as a key pathological feature of early and persistent lung disease. In particular, mitochondria are emerging as central to the pathological processes and clinical phenotypes associated with a range of lung diseases.

Abnormal mitochondrial signaling plays an important role in many lung diseases:

Altered mitochondrial biogenesis and mitogenesis

Increased mtDNA mutations

Abnormal mitochondrial-derived signaling

Activation of mtDAMPs

Mass spectrometry sequencing refers to the determination of the amino acid sequence of the sample's primary structure using mass spectrometry. The sequence analysis of proteins, antibodies, peptides, and other samples based on mass spectrometry analyzes the amino acid sequence of mitochondrial samples.

Amino acid composition analysis is the gold standard for accurate quantification of peptides, proteins, antibodies, and other samples. Knowing the sample's amino acid composition before finding its sequence information is helpful to find out whether there are errors in the sequencing process and correct the sequencing process.

With the popularization of the mass spectrometer and the improvement of technology, proteomics has moved from the traditional two-dimensional electrophoresis to the era of big data based on mass spectrometry. Bioinformatics is a rising cross-discipline, which comprehensively uses the tools and methods of biology, medicine, pharmacy, statistics, computer science, and other disciplines to mine and explain the biological significance of biological data.

The basic principle of mitochondrial protein mass spectrometry identification is to digest proteins into peptide mixtures by protease, ionize them by soft ionization methods such as MALDI-TOF or ESI-MS, and then separate peptide ions with a specific mass / nuclear ratio by mass analyzer. The protein is identified by comparing the actual spectrum with the theoretically first-and second-order mass spectra produced by protease digestion.

Molecular weight is the basic physical and chemical property parameter of organic compounds. Molecular weight is also the most important parameter when identifying peptides and proteins and a critical piece of data for the approval of genetic engineering products. The easiest way to identify the size and purity of a protein is by SDS-PAGE, determined by SDS-PAGE.

Creative Biogene pays attention to the quality control of samples and experiments, and the meticulous and clear workflow ensures the accuracy of the experiments. Combined with a series of professional analysis platforms carried by Creative Biogene and new methods of high-throughput biological data analysis, you can easily interpret chip information and find research breakthroughs in massive data.

Mitochondrial targeted sequencing, also known as mitochondrial target region sequencing, is a technical means to capture and enrich the regions of the mitochondrial genome of interest by PCR or probe hybridization and achieve high-throughput sequencing. It can detect the genetic variation sites in the target genome region and obtain the variation information of the specified target region.

The sequence and variation of exons and their adjacent regions of known genes in the mitochondrial genome can be obtained by combining mitochondrial full exome sequencing, exome enrichment, and second-generation sequencing. That is, liquid phase probes can be used to enrich exon region mtDNA sequences and carry out high-throughput sequencing to find mutations related to mitochondrial diseases. Compared with whole mitochondrial genome sequencing, mitochondrial full exon sequencing is more economical and efficient, and the data interpretation is more simple.