Deep Space

NASA, the American space agency, announced this Wednesday that a new record was broken by science with the discovery of the most distant star ever seen by astronomers, Earendel, or "morning star", in archaic English.

Detected by the Hubble telescope, the star is 12.9 billion light years from Earth and existed when the universe was about 4 billion years old, or 30% of its current age.

The previous record was held by the star Icarus, whose light took 9 billion years to reach our planet.

Scientists believe that Earendel is at least 50 times the mass of our Sun and millions of times brighter.

You could survive... but it would be very unpleasant.

Sorry, the gravity of a real planet hurts.

In Netflix's The Expansion , there is a scene that shows the "gravity torture" of a human born and raised in the very low gravity of an asteroid belt, being brought to Earth and pulled out of a neutral float water tank to speak.

Our galaxy moves at a speed of more than two million km/h, and one of those responsible for this movement would be an immense void in deep space that “pushes” it.

Although we don't realize it, the Earth rotates on its axis at 1,600 km/h, and around the Sun at 100,000 km/h. The star orbits the center of the Milky Way at 850,000 km/h. And our galaxy sails at almost 2.3 million km/h, that is, 630 km per second.

For 40 years, astrophysicists have been trying to understand what causes the Milky Way to shift and its direction.

In the 1980s, astronomers discovered that a region of galaxy clusters located about 150 million light-years from Earth was pulling the Milky Way under the effect of gravity.

They later realized that a group of more than two dozen galaxies called the Shapley Cluster, located 600 million light-years away, had the same effect.

Both phenomena were insufficient, however, to explain the movement of the Milky Way.

The new study reveals the role of an extragalactic "void", almost entirely devoid of visible and invisible matter.

A light year?

The man-made object that is currently farthest away is the Voyager 1 spacecraft, which on April 5, 2022 was at a distance of 155,996 astronomical units, equivalent to 23.337 billion km.

Well: in terms of light-years, after 43 years of travel, that distance represents only 21.62 LIGHT-HOURS!

Just out of curiosity, this distance takes her out of the heliopause, which means she's in interstellar space; but a light year... Well, it didn't even travel a light day...

The yellow dot in the center of the blue sphere is our Sun; Voyager 1 is slightly further away than Voyager 2, which is still in the heliosphere in this image.

The finitude or infinity of the Universe relates to the global curvature of space-time space. By General Relativity, which is widely confirmed, a space is finite if it has positive global curvature and infinite if it has zero or negative global curvature. The global curvature of space in the Universe is essentially zero, leading to the conclusion that space is infinite, even though it cannot be reached beyond the limit of the Observable Universe. The measure of the curvature of space depends on two factors: the average mass-energy density and the rate of expansion of space. In the Universe these factors cancel each other out, giving a null result for the curvature of space (and not space-time) of the Universe.

Feeling a breeze at 1670km/h right now?

You don't feel that wind at 1670km/h because the Earth's atmosphere moves with the Earth's surface. After all, there's a lot of drag between Earth's rough surface and the air. An object in flight is charged with the earth's atmosphere, except to the extent that its engines overcome air resistance.

Here's a counter question for you: Earth is moving at 100,000 km/h around the Milky Way's core. Why don't you fall and launch yourself into deep space when you jump in the air?

The distance from the Earth to the Sun can be obtained by triangulation with the Moon, at the exact moment when it reaches its waxing or waning quarter. So the angle between the Sun-Moon line and the Earth-Moon line is right. By measuring the angle between the Sun-Earth line and the Moon-Earth line and knowing the Earth-Moon distance, one finds, by trigonometry, the Sun-Earth distance. To find the Earth-Moon distance, measure the angle subtended by the diameter of the Moon as seen from Earth. Knowing this diameter (of the Moon), also by trigonometry, the Earth-Moon distance is found. To find out the diameter of the Moon, observe, in a lunar eclipse, how long the Moon stays inside the Earth's shadow and divide it by the time it takes to enter the shadow. This ratio is the ratio of the diameters of the Earth and the Moon. Knowing the Earth's, we find the Moon's. To measure the Earth's diameter, compare the angle that the shadows of two rods of the same height, located in two places on the same meridian, make with the vertical, at noon. The difference of these angles is the angle between the two rays that go from the center of the Earth to the two places. So if you think what fraction of the circumference is this angle. That fraction is the same as the distance between the two places makes the circumference of the Earth. So find this circumference. The diameter is found by the circumference. The distance to the other planets is done in a similar way, starting from the Earth's distance from the Sun. No telescope required. Just a theodolite. It's like a topography problem. The difference of these angles is the angle between the two rays that go from the center of the Earth to the two places. So if you think what fraction of the circumference is this angle. That fraction is the same as the distance between the two places makes the circumference of the Earth. So find this circumference. The diameter is found by the circumference. The distance to the other planets is done in a similar way, starting from the Earth's distance from the Sun. No telescope needed. Just a theodolite. It's like a topography problem. The difference of these angles is the angle between the two rays that go from the center of the Earth to the two places. So if you think what fraction of the circumference is this angle. That fraction is the same as the distance between the two places makes the circumference of the Earth. So find this circumference. The diameter is found by the circumference. The distance to the other planets is done in a similar way, starting from the Earth's distance from the Sun. No telescope needed. Just a theodolite. It's like a topography problem. The distance to the other planets is done in a similar way, starting from the Earth's distance from the Sun. No telescope needed. Just a theodolite. It's like a topography problem. The distance to the other planets is done in a similar way, starting from the Earth's distance from the Sun. No telescope required. Just a theodolite. It's like a topography problem.

You're right. There is only one Sun in our galaxy. I'll explain why, and it might not be what you expect.

The real reason there is only one Sun in our galaxy is that all the other stars have different names. We never give two stars the same name. Our star is called Sol. The North Star is known by the name Polaris.

In fact, Wikipedia has a list of the names of those points of light in our night sky known as stars.

We also have a star. It's big and bad and it's 93 million miles away. Our entire planet is in orbit around it, and we see it rise and set every [clear] day. It appears as the central and most massive object in our entire solar system. People on Planet Earth have long since given this star a name, “Sun” and we informally call it “Sun”.

No other star has that name. It is ours. The other stars have other names. You wouldn't say "sunrise and sunset" if you woke up on an exoplanet. You would have to say “Star rise”, or if your star was called Upsilon Pegasi you can call the event “Pegasi Rise”.

There are an estimated 400 billion stars in the Milky Way, and obviously we haven't named them all. We cannot even see them all from our vantage point within our arm of the galaxy. Truth be told, we don't have an exact number of how many stars there are out there. But many of the stars that astrologers can see have been given names.

Star names are in a catalog overseen by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). The IAU defines itself as "a non-governmental organization [spelling British] with the aim of advancing astronomy in all respects."

The last figure I saw was that the IAU had cataloged names for one hundred thousand (100,000) stars, although that number is continually growing.

And that's the real reason why there's only one Sun in our galaxy.

The hottest temperature ever recorded on Earth was 2 billion degrees Kelvin (slightly different in Celsius).

To give you an idea of ​​how hot it is: The interior of our sun is about 15 million degrees Celsius . Researchers at Sandia National Laboratories produced the record temperature in their lab using superheated gas, approximately 2 billion degrees Celsius, which is... significantly hotter than any temperature your oven can reach.

In probably a hundred years there will certainly be a beginning of colonization of the moon, imagine the countries that will share the surface and the lunar riches, we can go further imagining a scenario of interstellar war between a lunar country (the Republic of the Sea of ​​Tranquility RMT) and a country Earthman (RF) after a fatal diplomatic incident.

And that's how the lunar army would start launching trans-stellar missiles against us, and given the lunar gravity the lunar projectiles will hit the earth more easily than those of earthlings on the moon.

The consequences of this war would forever mark lunar domination over the earth and the end of human geocentrism.

Yes, the sun is at 6000°C. The most heat-resistant material is hafnium carbide, which has a melting point of 3900°C, so the material will burn long before the surface. But if we make a big enough cube, we can send it through the atmosphere.

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