casa pangea

Bolo de Natal

Ingredientes:

350 gramas de farinha de trigo

200 gramas de passas brancas sem caroço

150 gramas de passas pretas sem caroço

250 gramas de manteiga

200 gramas de açúcar

200 gramas de frutas cristalizadas picadas

150 gramas de castanha do Pará picadas

1 colher (sopa) de especiarias -  (calcule na proporção de ½ canela em pó, ¼  cravo em pó, ¼   noz moscada).

1 colher (sopa) de fermento em pó

6 ovos inteiros

Modo de fazer

Peneire a farinha, o açúcar o fermento em pó, junte as especiarias.

Junte as castanhas, frutas cristalizadas e uvas. Reserve.

Bata ligeiramente os ovos com a manteiga. Acrescente à mistura de farinhas e frutas e se precisar mexa com as mãos.

Leve assar em forma de aproximadamente 22cm de diâmetro, com buraco no meio -   untada e enfarinhada, em forno brando por aproximadamente 2 horas.

Após assar, desenforme e deixe ‘respirar’ por 1 dia.

No dia seguinte embale em papel celofane e deixe ‘maturar’ em local fresco e seco, ao abrigo de luz, por pelo menos 1 mês.

Sempre reservamos uma parte do bolo (que será guardado no freezer)  para no ano seguinte fazermos as bolinhas de pão de Natal. A ideia de continuidade e de multiplica-lo em muitas bolinhas que serão divididas com muitas pessoas trás uma ótima sensação nesta época.

Para as Bolinhas de Pão de Natal:

Esmigalhe o bolo e acrescente 200 grs, de chocolate meio amargo derretido (no micro-ondas ou banho maria).

Caso queira, pode-se acrescentar um cálice de Vinho do Porto.

Faça bolinhas de aproximadamente2 cm de diâmetro, passe-as no cacau e pronto!

Awen Stone ( England )

Pierre gravée d'un Triban, symbole des Druides. Le cercle autour semble divisé en dix parties contenant des runes ou glyphes. St Breward Bodmin Cornouailles.

Stone engraved with a Triban, symbol of the Druids. The circle around seems divided into ten parts containing runes or glyphs. St Breward Bodmin Cornwall.

Druidic Symbol - France

Summary of links

Druidic practices

- Precepts druidic .

- Celtic Wheel of the year .

- Druids and the Manducation .

- Druidic magic incantations .

- Druid trees of power .

- Wisdom for the fire .

- How to prune your herbs .

- Nemeton : N1- N2 - N3 - N4 .

- Sacred Water : W1 - W2 .

Gods and Goddesses Prayers and Hymns

- Danu .

- Morrigana .

- Morrigana (full moon) .

- Brighid .

- Belisama .

- Airmid .

- Rhiannon

- Kernunnos (prayer) .

- Kernunnos Hymn .

- Belenos .

Gods and Goddesses articles

- Danu .

- Brighid .

- Nemetona .

- Ceridwen .

- Rhiannon .

- Elen of the Ways .

- Artio .

- Lugh (français) .

- Sucellos .

- Cernunnos .

- List of celtic God .

- Damona and Acionna .

- Nantosuelta .

Sabbats

Yule

Le roi chêne et le roi houx .

Imbolc

- Customs of Imbolc .

- Ambiuolcios .

Ostara

- Solo ritual - Alban Eilir .

- Satios .

- Lady Eostre .

- Alban Eilir .

Beltane

- Beltane .

- Sacred trees of Beltaine .

- Bundle for the Beltane fire .

- The myth of the may Day .

- Legends and lore of Beltane .

- Beltane floral customs and ritual .

- Festival - Ceremony of Belotennia .

Litha

- Alban Hefin

- Mediosamonios

Magical Places

St Brigid's well Kildare .

Glastonbury Goddess Temple - GT2 .

Glastonbury white temple - WT1 - WT2 -WS .

The Tor - T2 - T3 .

Chalice Well Garden Glastonbury- CW2 - CW3 - CW4 - CW5 - CW6 - CW7- CW8 .

Druid's temple Ilton - D1 - D2 - D3 .

Mollkirsh .

Huelgoat Druids forest Brittany - H2 - H3 - H4

H5 .

Tintagel : T1 - T2 - T3

Alderley Edge Sacred Well- a celtic portal

Introduction:

Circles are powerful magickal constructs that can help power you’re working, and help you in your rituals, and spellcraft. These constructs can be constructed, and used in order to direct specific energies two specific places. By understanding the ins-and-outs of the magickal circles one can construct unique powerful designs that will incorporate metaphysical understandings, occult understandings, correspondences, associations, shapes, alphabets, glyphs, sigils, and words to create beautiful designs that will act as tools to help you direct energy in very specific ways. By incorporating all these things together a practitioner can allow these things to work in harmony, so that they can help manifest their will. The practitioner will need to learn how the different parts are connected to each other, and what they stand for in order to create powerful magickal circles. In this post we will be familiarizing ourselves with the different parts of the circle, and how they interact with the energies, so we can put them together in some form of a system that will help us in specific forms of magickal working.

The Main Circle(s):

The first thing we are going to talk about is the basic part of the circle which is the circle itself. Magickal circles are generally made with a main circle that goes around the center, that acts as the space in which the practitioner can move around, and interact with their working. The main circle is going to act as a doorway between the two worlds of the spiritual, and physical, and will be the place magick is performed from. This circle will represent the unity of the two worlds, and will also be the area where energy will gather, so that you can use it for your spell, or ritual. The circle is connected to the spiritual realms, and the higher planes of existences, and we’ll call energies down from the universe in order to help you, and your practice allowing you to raise a cone of power. Energy is going to pool and gather inside this main circle empowering you and the rest of the circle. The circle will also bring in feminine, and yin energies into your working, and will protect you from outside forces you do not wish to interact with while you are doing your practice. You can have more than one main in your design these will act as different levels in the overarching paradigm of your design.

Smaller Circles:

Other circles can be incorporated into your design, these will be treated like smaller versions of the main circle, and will be places for energy to pool, and to form their own cones of power. Inside the circles will be good places to put sigils, glyphs, names, and/or symbols, so that energy taken into the circles will be able to empower the symbol within. This will result in the energy inside the circle taking on the intent of the sigils, glyphs, names, and/or symbols allowing you to use that to affect your practice. If you have other practitioners helping you out in your practice, this could also be a spot for them to reside in to help you with your working instead of using some form of a sigil, glyph, name, and/or symbol. These circles will also provide protection for whatever resides within that circle just like the main ones do, and will also bring feminine, and yin energy into your circle.

Center:

The center is the middle point of your circle. This is a very important point, because it controls, and affects everything else in the circle. This is where the main intention, or the controller of the magical circle is placed. You are usually the controller of the circle, or you can put a sigil, glyph, name, and/or symbol in this place. Whatever is in the middle of the circle will act like the generator in a crystal grid, and will act as a conduit to the rest of the energy in the circle, so that it’s will can be acted out. The center will act in this way in middle of every single shape, so it is important to be aware of this. By understanding how to get the most out of the controlling center points of the shapes that exist within your design will greatly help you understand the energy flow through out your circle, and how it will empower your desire.

Squares:

Squares can also be incorporated into your design to help empower your practice. They will bring forth the energies of the elements, and directions along with the masculine, and yang energy that the square embodies. The square is also connected to the physical world, and when the square is brought together with the circle the square supports, and fortifies it empowering the circle, and creates perfect balance with its female, and yin energy. This will create a good balance in your circle, and will allow your circle to represent duality. You could also put a sigil, glyph, name, and/or symbol inside the square.  that would give whatever is inside stable, balanced, and grounded energies that it can use to fortify and support itself, so it can do its job more effectively, and use the energy of the four elements, and four cardinal directions to help it in it’s working.

Cross:

The cross just like the square is also connected to the four elements, but is instead connected to the five directions (the five directions include center as the 5th direction). The cross is also connected to choice, hope, balance, masculinity, physicality, sun, life and yang energy. The cross in magickal circles will direct energy to the center, and will compartmentalize other energies into the four slots that it creates. The cross can be a tricky thing to incorporate into some circles, but when used right it can be very effective.

Triangle:

The energies of the triangle can be brought into your design of your magical circle. These triangles will stand for, and will be greatly connected to creation, and manifestation. Triangles are used primarily in circles to create, manifest, or call a specific energy into the circle, so that you can work with it. The triangle is also connected to the balance between the trinities, and will bring balance of those energies in to your magickal circle. Triangles have both masculine, and feminine energies , and yin, and yang energies depending upon which way they are facing. An upright triangle is a triangle that manifests things to you, while the inverted triangle is one that manifests your desires upon the external world. The upright triangle is the one who embodies the feminine, and yin energies, while the inverted triangle is the one who embodies the masculine, and yang energies. Upright, and inverted will be decided upon the triangles relativity to the center of the circle. These are also used as the places to summon entities through invocation, and evocation. The traditional version of a evocation triangle is call the triangle of art. Triangle of arts are upright because it is used to manifest entities to you. When the triangle is used for evocation it is put outside the circle in order to give the practitioner some protection, and space in between them, and the entity. These triangles usually have names of powerful spirits or deities around them to act as a form of binding, so that the practitioner can control, and worked with the entity safely. These triangles also usually have circles inside them to allow the entity to have its own space that will be in between  the physical, and the spiritual worlds, and will also allow them to build up more energy to help you in you’re working. Depending upon where your triangles are placed will communicate, if yours magick circle is a evocative circle, or invocative Circle. Triangles can be very useful when trying to manifest constructs, and will be very important tools to incorporate into your magical circles.

Lines, And Curved Lines:

Lines, and curves are used to combine two points, so that their energies can directly interact with each other. Lines represent the masculinity and yang energy, while curved lines represent feminine, and yin energy. Lines, and curved lines also stand for the energy of balance, and duality. When two constructs are connected with a line, or curve the two points, become the two extremes on a polarity spectrum with a line in the middle representing the space in between those two energies. These lines, and curved lines will also be used to move energy through out your circle. This is done, because energy will take these lines as paths to follow, and a physical mark of your intention, so the energy will enjoy moving on these lines like the water in a river. These lines, and curved lines will take on the energy around them, or that interacts with them, so by writing symbols, names, and/or glyphs under, above, and/or near will Infuse those lines with that type of energy, given that line its properties, associations, and magical correspondences allowing it to flow throughout the circle. It is important to remember that these lines, and curved lines make up all shapes that will be used in the magickal circle. This will truly apply to any place within the circle and must be kept in mind, so you can use it effectively to empower your working.

Pentagram, and Pentacle / Inverted Pentagram, And Inverted Pentacle:

The pentagram, and pentacle along with the inverted version of both of these can be brought into the design of your circle to bring in energies of power, protection, connection to the five western elements, and connection to the wu-xing (the five phases). These will greatly empower your circles by allowing the energies they produced to run throughout it in order to charge, and power your working. Depending upon what you are doing with your circle will determine whether you will want to include upright pentagrams, or inverted pentagrams, or you might even try to include both of them. Whether it is a inverted, and upright pentagram, or pentacle will depend on its relativity to the center of the circle. Using the upright pentagram would bring the energies of the external, feminine, yin, and spiritual world to help you in you’re working, while using the inverted pentagram would bring the energies of the internal, masculine, yang, and  physical world to help you in you’re working. The Inverted pentagram is a lot more connected to the self, where the upright pentagram were connected to the collective, both are very wonderful symbols and can help you out on in creating your own magick circle. Simply by adding a circle around the pentagram, it will become the pentacle. inverted, or upright the circle of the pentacle will add energies of unity, and protection to the already existing power of the pentagram, but it is up to you to decide when to use which.

Hexagram:

Another wonderful shape that you can bring into your magickal circle creation would be the hexagram. The hexagram is made when an upright triangle, and an inverted triangle meet to form the shape, because of this the hexagon shares correspondences with both triangles, and is also made out of masculine, and feminine energies, and yin, and yang energies. The hexagram also corresponds to the four elements and the Trinity because of the triangles that is made out of. The hexagram is also connected to the planetary energies, and  is also connected to the western four elements. Due to the fact the hexagram is made of the connection of the two triangles it is connected to both external, and internal manifestation, which makes it a good tool to have in magick circles that are related to invocation, and evocation.

Sigils, Glyphs, Names, And Symbols

Sigils, glyphs, names, and symbols are going to be powerful tools that will help you in the creation of your own magickal circle. All of these constructs have energies that are going to be used in order to empower, and guide you’re working towards your desire. Every one of these sigils, glyphs, names, and symbols is going to have its own correspondences, energies, and associations that will add different effects based on which one you choose, and how you choose to implemented into your circle. These can be taken from anywhere, or even created. This will not only personalize your circle, but will also provide energies that will be helpful with specific rituals, and practices. you can also choose to incorporate names of specific entities in order to invoke them to your ritual to help you accomplish your desires through the use of the circle.  All you would need to do is to write an entity’s name in, around, or near a specific aspect, or shape to connect their energies to that construct, so that their energies can help out your circle to manifest your desires. Their energy will usually show up to help you out, if they are willing to help you in your endeavors. Any surface that is blank in your magickal circle can be filled with some form of sigils, glyphs, names, and symbols to empower that specific part of the circle to represent a specific energy. By learning how these energies interact with each other, and work together to form one common goal the practitioner can craft a very effective circle in order to help them out with specific intents. Any shape that surrounds, or is near these sigils, glyphs, names, and symbols will be influenced by their energy.

Conclusion:

Learning all of these elements of the circle will allow you to bring all these aspects together in perfect harmony to create a magical circle, that will be good for the workings that you want to do. It is a very creative, and magickal process that will push the extent of your metaphysical, and occult knowledge. But, through the creation of a magickal circle you will greatly be able to empower you working, and to better your magical effectiveness.

examples of concept:

✰ The following lists contain information on magical goals and their related deities

AGRICULTURE  • Adonis, Amon, Aristaeus, Baldur, Bonus Eventus, Ceres, Consus, Dagon, Demeter, Dumunzi, Esus, Gahanan, Inari, Osiris, Saturn, Tammuz, Thor, Triptolemus, Vertumnus, Yumcaa, Zochipilli

ARTS • Athena, Ea, Hathor, Odin, Thor

ASTROLOGY • Albion

CATS • Bast, Freya

CHILDBIRTH • Althea, Anahita, Bes, Camenta, Cihuatcoatl, Cuchavira, Isis, Kuan Yin, Laima, Lucina Meshkent

COMMUNICATIONS • Hermes, Janus, Mercury

COURAGE • Tyr

DREAMS • Geshtinanna, Morpheus, Nanshe

EARTH • Asia, Consus, Daghda, Enlil, Frigga, Gaea, Ge, Geb, Kronos, Ninhursag, Ops, Prithivi, Rhea, Saturn, Sif, Tellus

FERTILITY • Amnu, Anaitis, Apollo, Arrianrhod, Asherali, Astarte, Attis, Baal, Bacchus, Bast, Bona, Dea, Boucca, Centeotle, Cernunnos, Cerridwen, Cybele, Daghda, Demeter, Dew, Dionysus, Eostre, Frey, Freya, Frigg, Indra, Ishtar, Ishwara, Isis, Kronos, Ono, Lulpercus, Min, Mut, Mylitta, Ningirsu, Ops, Osiris, Ostara, Pan, Pomona, Quetzalcoatl, Rhea, Rhiannon, Saturn, Selkhet, Sida, Tane, Telepinu, Telluno, Tellus Mater, Thunor, Tlazolteotl, Yarilo, Zarpanitu

GOOD LUCK AND FORTUNE • Bonus Eventus, Daikoku, Fortuna, Ganesa, Jorojin, Laima, Tyche

HEALING • Apollo, Asclepius, Bast, Brigid, Eir, Gula, Lxlilton, Khnos, Paeon

JOURNEYS • Echua, Janus

LAW,TRUTH, AND JUSTICE • Astraea, Maat, Misharu, Themis

Love • Aizen Myo-O, Alpan, Angus, Aphrodite, Asera, Astarte, Asthoreth, Belili, Creirwy, Cupid, Dzdzilelya, Eros, Erzulie, Esmeralda, Fenrua, Freya, Frigg, Habondia, Hathor, Inanna, Ishtar, Kades, Kama, Kivan-Non, Kubaba, Melusine, Menu, Minne, Mamaja, Odudua, Olwen, Oshun,Prenda,Rao, Sauska, Tlazoletotl, Turan, Venus, Xochipilli, Zochiquetzal

LUNAR MAGIC • Aah, Anahita, Artemis, Asherali, Astarte, Baiame, Bendis, Diana, Gou, Hathor, Hecate, Llmaqah, Ishtar, Isis, Jacy, Kabul, Khons, Kilya, Lucina, Luna, Mah, Mama Quilla, Mani, Menu, Metzli, Myestaa, Nanna, Pah, Selene, Sin, Soma, Taukiyomi, Thoth, Varuna, Yarikh, Yerak, Zamna

MARRIAGE • Airyaman, Aphrodite, Aryan, Bes, Bah,Ceres, Errata, Frigg, Hathor, Hera, Hymen, Juno, Patina, Saluki, Svarog, Thalassa, Tutunis, Vor, Xochipilli

MUSIC AND/OR POETRY • Apollo, Benten, Bragi, Brigid, Hathor, Odin, Orpheus, Thoth, Untunktahe, Woden, Xolotl

REINCARNATION • Hera, Khensu, Ra

SEA • Amphitrite, Benten, Dylan, Ea, Enoil, Glaucus, Leucothea, Manannan Mac Lir, Neptune, Nereus, Njord, Paldemon, Phorcys, Pontus, Poseidon, Proteus, Shoney, Yamm

SHAPE-SHIFTING • Freya, Volkh, Xolotl

SKY • Aditi, Anshar, Anu, Dyaus, Frigg, Hathor, Horus, Joch-Huva, Jupiter, Kumarbis, Nut, Obatala, Rangi, Svarog, Tane, Thor, Tiwaz, Ukko, Uranus, Varuna, Zeus

SLEEP • Hypnos

SOLAR MAGIC • Amaterasu, Apollo, Atum, Baldur, Bochia, Dazhbog, Helios, Hiruku, Horus, Hyperion, Inti, Legba, Lugh, Mandulis, Mao, Marduk, Maui, Melkart, Mithra, Orunjan, Paiva Perun, Phoebus, Ra, Sabazius, Samas, Sams, Shamash, Sol, Surya, Texcatlipoca, Tonatiuh, Torushompek, Utto, Vishnu, Yhi

VENGEANCE • Nemesis

WEALTH AND PROSPERITY • Adad, Acolus, Agni, Amen, Baal, Bragi, Burlash, Catequil, Chac-Mool, Chernabog, Donar, Fomagata, llyapa, Indra, Jove, Jupiter, Kami-Nari, Koza, Lei-Kung, Marduk, Nyame, Perkunas, Pillan, Pulug, Quiateot, Raiden, Rammon, Rudra, Shango, Sobo, Summanus, Taki-Tsu-Hilo, Tawhaaki, Tawhiri, Tefnut, Thor, Thunor, Tilo, Tinia, Typhoeus, Typhon, Yu-Tzu, Zeus, Zu

WISDOM • Aruna, Athena, Atri, Baldur, Brigid, Dainichi, Ea, Enki, Fudo- Myoo, Fugen Bosatsu, Fukurokuju, Ganesha, Minerva, Nebo, Mimir, Oannes, Odin, Oghama, Quetzalxoatl, SIa, Sin, Thoth, Vohumano, Zeus

I don’t really know what people generally call this method of sigil making, so I’m just calling it “Letter Shaping” because you’re using the basic shapes from certain letters. EDIT: It’s one of many variations of the ‘Spare Method’ created by Austin Oswald Spare in the early 1900s This is the most common form of sigil making, and it allows the most creative influence. As you see above the sigils are for nearly the same thing, yet the sigils came out completely different. Not because the purpose was different, but because I approached them both a different creative way, and that’s what I like so much about this method. There’s a lot of freedom and personalization involved.

tasseomancy/tasseography/tassology

I have been interested in self-studying philosophy for a long time, and I am now taking it up as my minor in college. I have compiled this systematic guide to philosophy for my own benefit, however, it may prove beneficial to others as well.

Obviously, I am talking about Western philosophy, and not Eastern philosophy, which is a subject all of its own (and a very interesting one at that).

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is an excellent source of philosophical articles that are both thorough, and accessible. However, I have not been able to find any systematic index of articles from the SEP which make reading through it chronologically possible. Therefore, I have written an outline of important thinkers beginning with the pre-socratics, and I am linking them to respective entries in the SEP.

This guide is a work in progress, and currently has the major disadvantage of not categorizing various philosophers into specific schools of thought. I may try to work these in at a later time, but for now I am focusing on chronology rather than fitting them into categories. The SEP should do that by itself.

The Pre-Socratics

Thales of Miletus

Anaximenes

Heraclitus

Anaximander

Parmenides

Zeno of Elea

Empedocles

Democritus

Pythagoras

Diogenes

Classical Philosophy

(These three thinkers are extremely important, and intimately connected to one another)

Socrates

Plato

Aristotle

Ancient Non-Socratic Schools of Philosophy

Sophism

Protagoras

Gorgias

Skepticism

Pyrrho

Epicureanism

Epicurus

Hedonism

Aristippus of Cyrene

Democritus (although a pre-socratic, he is often associated with this school)

Stoicism

Zeno of Citium (NOT to be confused with Zeno of Elea, a pre-socratic)

Epictetus

Marcus Aurelius (although he came significantly later)

Neoplatonism

Plotinus

St. Augustine (although he came much later, he is a very important and influential figure)

Medieval Philosophy

Scholasticism

St. Anselm

St. Thomas Aquinas

Peter Abelard

Albertus Magnus (Albert the Great)

John Duns Scotus

William of Ockham

Renaissance Philosophers

Roger Bacon (Okay, technically, Bacon was a Franciscan Friar in the 14th century, so he doesn’t belong here. But he definitely doesn’t belong with the Scholastics, so he goes here.)

Erasmus

Machiavelli

Thomas More

Francis Bacon

Islamic Philosophers (no SEP links :( )

Avicenna

Averröes

Jewish Philosopher(s)

Maimonides

Early Modern Philosophy (it isn’t medieval, but it also isn’t modern)

Two competing schools of thought, and those who did not strictly belong to either school.

Rationalism

René Descartes

Baruch Spinoza

Gottfried Leibniz

Nicolas Malebranche

Empiricism

John Locke

Bishop George Berkeley

David Hume

Non-Aligned (Not strictly empiricist or rationalist)

Thomas Hobbes

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Blaise Pascal

Voltaire

Adam Smith

Edmund Burke

Immanuel Kant (signaled the shift from early modern to 19th century philosophy)

19th Century Philosophy

German Idealism

Johann Fichte

Arthur Schopenhauer 

Georg Hegel

Marxism

Karl Marx (of course he gets his own category)

British Empiricism

Jeremy Bentham

John Stuart Mill

American Philosophy

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Henry David Thoreau

C.S Peirce

William James

John Dewey

European Philosophers

Auguste Comte

Søren Kierkegaard

Nietzsche

20th Century Philosophy

Characterized once again by two large and competing traditions.

Analytical Philosophers

Gottlob Frege

Bertrand Russell

Alfred North Whitehead

A.J Ayer

Ludwig Wittgenstein

W.V.O Quine

G.E. Moore

Continental Philosophers

Edmund Husserl

Martin Heidegger

Jean-Paul Sartre

Michel Foucault

Introduction:

Circles are powerful magickal constructs that can help power you’re working, and help you in your rituals, and spellcraft. These constructs can be constructed, and used in order to direct specific energies two specific places. By understanding the ins-and-outs of the magickal circles one can construct unique powerful designs that will incorporate metaphysical understandings, occult understandings, correspondences, associations, shapes, alphabets, glyphs, sigils, and words to create beautiful designs that will act as tools to help you direct energy in very specific ways. By incorporating all these things together a practitioner can allow these things to work in harmony, so that they can help manifest their will. The practitioner will need to learn how the different parts are connected to each other, and what they stand for in order to create powerful magickal circles. In this post we will be familiarizing ourselves with the different parts of the circle, and how they interact with the energies, so we can put them together in some form of a system that will help us in specific forms of magickal working.

The Main Circle(s):

The first thing we are going to talk about is the basic part of the circle which is the circle itself. Magickal circles are generally made with a main circle that goes around the center, that acts as the space in which the practitioner can move around, and interact with their working. The main circle is going to act as a doorway between the two worlds of the spiritual, and physical, and will be the place magick is performed from. This circle will represent the unity of the two worlds, and will also be the area where energy will gather, so that you can use it for your spell, or ritual. The circle is connected to the spiritual realms, and the higher planes of existences, and we’ll call energies down from the universe in order to help you, and your practice allowing you to raise a cone of power. Energy is going to pool and gather inside this main circle empowering you and the rest of the circle. The circle will also bring in feminine, and yin energies into your working, and will protect you from outside forces you do not wish to interact with while you are doing your practice. You can have more than one main in your design these will act as different levels in the overarching paradigm of your design.

Smaller Circles:

Other circles can be incorporated into your design, these will be treated like smaller versions of the main circle, and will be places for energy to pool, and to form their own cones of power. Inside the circles will be good places to put sigils, glyphs, names, and/or symbols, so that energy taken into the circles will be able to empower the symbol within. This will result in the energy inside the circle taking on the intent of the sigils, glyphs, names, and/or symbols allowing you to use that to affect your practice. If you have other practitioners helping you out in your practice, this could also be a spot for them to reside in to help you with your working instead of using some form of a sigil, glyph, name, and/or symbol. These circles will also provide protection for whatever resides within that circle just like the main ones do, and will also bring feminine, and yin energy into your circle.

Center:

The center is the middle point of your circle. This is a very important point, because it controls, and affects everything else in the circle. This is where the main intention, or the controller of the magical circle is placed. You are usually the controller of the circle, or you can put a sigil, glyph, name, and/or symbol in this place. Whatever is in the middle of the circle will act like the generator in a crystal grid, and will act as a conduit to the rest of the energy in the circle, so that it’s will can be acted out. The center will act in this way in middle of every single shape, so it is important to be aware of this. By understanding how to get the most out of the controlling center points of the shapes that exist within your design will greatly help you understand the energy flow through out your circle, and how it will empower your desire.

Squares:

Squares can also be incorporated into your design to help empower your practice. They will bring forth the energies of the elements, and directions along with the masculine, and yang energy that the square embodies. The square is also connected to the physical world, and when the square is brought together with the circle the square supports, and fortifies it empowering the circle, and creates perfect balance with its female, and yin energy. This will create a good balance in your circle, and will allow your circle to represent duality. You could also put a sigil, glyph, name, and/or symbol inside the square.  that would give whatever is inside stable, balanced, and grounded energies that it can use to fortify and support itself, so it can do its job more effectively, and use the energy of the four elements, and four cardinal directions to help it in it’s working.

Cross:

The cross just like the square is also connected to the four elements, but is instead connected to the five directions (the five directions include center as the 5th direction). The cross is also connected to choice, hope, balance, masculinity, physicality, sun, life and yang energy. The cross in magickal circles will direct energy to the center, and will compartmentalize other energies into the four slots that it creates. The cross can be a tricky thing to incorporate into some circles, but when used right it can be very effective.

Triangle:

The energies of the triangle can be brought into your design of your magical circle. These triangles will stand for, and will be greatly connected to creation, and manifestation. Triangles are used primarily in circles to create, manifest, or call a specific energy into the circle, so that you can work with it. The triangle is also connected to the balance between the trinities, and will bring balance of those energies in to your magickal circle. Triangles have both masculine, and feminine energies , and yin, and yang energies depending upon which way they are facing. An upright triangle is a triangle that manifests things to you, while the inverted triangle is one that manifests your desires upon the external world. The upright triangle is the one who embodies the feminine, and yin energies, while the inverted triangle is the one who embodies the masculine, and yang energies. Upright, and inverted will be decided upon the triangles relativity to the center of the circle. These are also used as the places to summon entities through invocation, and evocation. The traditional version of a evocation triangle is call the triangle of art. Triangle of arts are upright because it is used to manifest entities to you. When the triangle is used for evocation it is put outside the circle in order to give the practitioner some protection, and space in between them, and the entity. These triangles usually have names of powerful spirits or deities around them to act as a form of binding, so that the practitioner can control, and worked with the entity safely. These triangles also usually have circles inside them to allow the entity to have its own space that will be in between  the physical, and the spiritual worlds, and will also allow them to build up more energy to help you in you’re working. Depending upon where your triangles are placed will communicate, if yours magick circle is a evocative circle, or invocative Circle. Triangles can be very useful when trying to manifest constructs, and will be very important tools to incorporate into your magical circles.

Lines, And Curved Lines:

Lines, and curves are used to combine two points, so that their energies can directly interact with each other. Lines represent the masculinity and yang energy, while curved lines represent feminine, and yin energy. Lines, and curved lines also stand for the energy of balance, and duality. When two constructs are connected with a line, or curve the two points, become the two extremes on a polarity spectrum with a line in the middle representing the space in between those two energies. These lines, and curved lines will also be used to move energy through out your circle. This is done, because energy will take these lines as paths to follow, and a physical mark of your intention, so the energy will enjoy moving on these lines like the water in a river. These lines, and curved lines will take on the energy around them, or that interacts with them, so by writing symbols, names, and/or glyphs under, above, and/or near will Infuse those lines with that type of energy, given that line its properties, associations, and magical correspondences allowing it to flow throughout the circle. It is important to remember that these lines, and curved lines make up all shapes that will be used in the magickal circle. This will truly apply to any place within the circle and must be kept in mind, so you can use it effectively to empower your working.

Pentagram, and Pentacle / Inverted Pentagram, And Inverted Pentacle:

The pentagram, and pentacle along with the inverted version of both of these can be brought into the design of your circle to bring in energies of power, protection, connection to the five western elements, and connection to the wu-xing (the five phases). These will greatly empower your circles by allowing the energies they produced to run throughout it in order to charge, and power your working. Depending upon what you are doing with your circle will determine whether you will want to include upright pentagrams, or inverted pentagrams, or you might even try to include both of them. Whether it is a inverted, and upright pentagram, or pentacle will depend on its relativity to the center of the circle. Using the upright pentagram would bring the energies of the external, feminine, yin, and spiritual world to help you in you’re working, while using the inverted pentagram would bring the energies of the internal, masculine, yang, and  physical world to help you in you’re working. The Inverted pentagram is a lot more connected to the self, where the upright pentagram were connected to the collective, both are very wonderful symbols and can help you out on in creating your own magick circle. Simply by adding a circle around the pentagram, it will become the pentacle. inverted, or upright the circle of the pentacle will add energies of unity, and protection to the already existing power of the pentagram, but it is up to you to decide when to use which.

Hexagram:

Another wonderful shape that you can bring into your magickal circle creation would be the hexagram. The hexagram is made when an upright triangle, and an inverted triangle meet to form the shape, because of this the hexagon shares correspondences with both triangles, and is also made out of masculine, and feminine energies, and yin, and yang energies. The hexagram also corresponds to the four elements and the Trinity because of the triangles that is made out of. The hexagram is also connected to the planetary energies, and  is also connected to the western four elements. Due to the fact the hexagram is made of the connection of the two triangles it is connected to both external, and internal manifestation, which makes it a good tool to have in magick circles that are related to invocation, and evocation.

Sigils, Glyphs, Names, And Symbols

Sigils, glyphs, names, and symbols are going to be powerful tools that will help you in the creation of your own magickal circle. All of these constructs have energies that are going to be used in order to empower, and guide you’re working towards your desire. Every one of these sigils, glyphs, names, and symbols is going to have its own correspondences, energies, and associations that will add different effects based on which one you choose, and how you choose to implemented into your circle. These can be taken from anywhere, or even created. This will not only personalize your circle, but will also provide energies that will be helpful with specific rituals, and practices. you can also choose to incorporate names of specific entities in order to invoke them to your ritual to help you accomplish your desires through the use of the circle.  All you would need to do is to write an entity’s name in, around, or near a specific aspect, or shape to connect their energies to that construct, so that their energies can help out your circle to manifest your desires. Their energy will usually show up to help you out, if they are willing to help you in your endeavors. Any surface that is blank in your magickal circle can be filled with some form of sigils, glyphs, names, and symbols to empower that specific part of the circle to represent a specific energy. By learning how these energies interact with each other, and work together to form one common goal the practitioner can craft a very effective circle in order to help them out with specific intents. Any shape that surrounds, or is near these sigils, glyphs, names, and symbols will be influenced by their energy.

Conclusion:

Learning all of these elements of the circle will allow you to bring all these aspects together in perfect harmony to create a magical circle, that will be good for the workings that you want to do. It is a very creative, and magickal process that will push the extent of your metaphysical, and occult knowledge. But, through the creation of a magickal circle you will greatly be able to empower you working, and to better your magical effectiveness.

examples of concept:

Introduction:

Circles are powerful magickal constructs that can help power you’re working, and help you in your rituals, and spellcraft. These constructs can be constructed, and used in order to direct specific energies two specific places. By understanding the ins-and-outs of the magickal circles one can construct unique powerful designs that will incorporate metaphysical understandings, occult understandings, correspondences, associations, shapes, alphabets, glyphs, sigils, and words to create beautiful designs that will act as tools to help you direct energy in very specific ways. By incorporating all these things together a practitioner can allow these things to work in harmony, so that they can help manifest their will. The practitioner will need to learn how the different parts are connected to each other, and what they stand for in order to create powerful magickal circles. In this post we will be familiarizing ourselves with the different parts of the circle, and how they interact with the energies, so we can put them together in some form of a system that will help us in specific forms of magickal working.

The Main Circle(s):

The first thing we are going to talk about is the basic part of the circle which is the circle itself. Magickal circles are generally made with a main circle that goes around the center, that acts as the space in which the practitioner can move around, and interact with their working. The main circle is going to act as a doorway between the two worlds of the spiritual, and physical, and will be the place magick is performed from. This circle will represent the unity of the two worlds, and will also be the area where energy will gather, so that you can use it for your spell, or ritual. The circle is connected to the spiritual realms, and the higher planes of existences, and we’ll call energies down from the universe in order to help you, and your practice allowing you to raise a cone of power. Energy is going to pool and gather inside this main circle empowering you and the rest of the circle. The circle will also bring in feminine, and yin energies into your working, and will protect you from outside forces you do not wish to interact with while you are doing your practice. You can have more than one main in your design these will act as different levels in the overarching paradigm of your design.

Smaller Circles:

Other circles can be incorporated into your design, these will be treated like smaller versions of the main circle, and will be places for energy to pool, and to form their own cones of power. Inside the circles will be good places to put sigils, glyphs, names, and/or symbols, so that energy taken into the circles will be able to empower the symbol within. This will result in the energy inside the circle taking on the intent of the sigils, glyphs, names, and/or symbols allowing you to use that to affect your practice. If you have other practitioners helping you out in your practice, this could also be a spot for them to reside in to help you with your working instead of using some form of a sigil, glyph, name, and/or symbol. These circles will also provide protection for whatever resides within that circle just like the main ones do, and will also bring feminine, and yin energy into your circle.

Center:

The center is the middle point of your circle. This is a very important point, because it controls, and affects everything else in the circle. This is where the main intention, or the controller of the magical circle is placed. You are usually the controller of the circle, or you can put a sigil, glyph, name, and/or symbol in this place. Whatever is in the middle of the circle will act like the generator in a crystal grid, and will act as a conduit to the rest of the energy in the circle, so that it’s will can be acted out. The center will act in this way in middle of every single shape, so it is important to be aware of this. By understanding how to get the most out of the controlling center points of the shapes that exist within your design will greatly help you understand the energy flow through out your circle, and how it will empower your desire.

Squares:

Squares can also be incorporated into your design to help empower your practice. They will bring forth the energies of the elements, and directions along with the masculine, and yang energy that the square embodies. The square is also connected to the physical world, and when the square is brought together with the circle the square supports, and fortifies it empowering the circle, and creates perfect balance with its female, and yin energy. This will create a good balance in your circle, and will allow your circle to represent duality. You could also put a sigil, glyph, name, and/or symbol inside the square.  that would give whatever is inside stable, balanced, and grounded energies that it can use to fortify and support itself, so it can do its job more effectively, and use the energy of the four elements, and four cardinal directions to help it in it’s working.

Cross:

The cross just like the square is also connected to the four elements, but is instead connected to the five directions (the five directions include center as the 5th direction). The cross is also connected to choice, hope, balance, masculinity, physicality, sun, life and yang energy. The cross in magickal circles will direct energy to the center, and will compartmentalize other energies into the four slots that it creates. The cross can be a tricky thing to incorporate into some circles, but when used right it can be very effective.

Triangle:

The energies of the triangle can be brought into your design of your magical circle. These triangles will stand for, and will be greatly connected to creation, and manifestation. Triangles are used primarily in circles to create, manifest, or call a specific energy into the circle, so that you can work with it. The triangle is also connected to the balance between the trinities, and will bring balance of those energies in to your magickal circle. Triangles have both masculine, and feminine energies , and yin, and yang energies depending upon which way they are facing. An upright triangle is a triangle that manifests things to you, while the inverted triangle is one that manifests your desires upon the external world. The upright triangle is the one who embodies the feminine, and yin energies, while the inverted triangle is the one who embodies the masculine, and yang energies. Upright, and inverted will be decided upon the triangles relativity to the center of the circle. These are also used as the places to summon entities through invocation, and evocation. The traditional version of a evocation triangle is call the triangle of art. Triangle of arts are upright because it is used to manifest entities to you. When the triangle is used for evocation it is put outside the circle in order to give the practitioner some protection, and space in between them, and the entity. These triangles usually have names of powerful spirits or deities around them to act as a form of binding, so that the practitioner can control, and worked with the entity safely. These triangles also usually have circles inside them to allow the entity to have its own space that will be in between  the physical, and the spiritual worlds, and will also allow them to build up more energy to help you in you’re working. Depending upon where your triangles are placed will communicate, if yours magick circle is a evocative circle, or invocative Circle. Triangles can be very useful when trying to manifest constructs, and will be very important tools to incorporate into your magical circles.

Lines, And Curved Lines:

Lines, and curves are used to combine two points, so that their energies can directly interact with each other. Lines represent the masculinity and yang energy, while curved lines represent feminine, and yin energy. Lines, and curved lines also stand for the energy of balance, and duality. When two constructs are connected with a line, or curve the two points, become the two extremes on a polarity spectrum with a line in the middle representing the space in between those two energies. These lines, and curved lines will also be used to move energy through out your circle. This is done, because energy will take these lines as paths to follow, and a physical mark of your intention, so the energy will enjoy moving on these lines like the water in a river. These lines, and curved lines will take on the energy around them, or that interacts with them, so by writing symbols, names, and/or glyphs under, above, and/or near will Infuse those lines with that type of energy, given that line its properties, associations, and magical correspondences allowing it to flow throughout the circle. It is important to remember that these lines, and curved lines make up all shapes that will be used in the magickal circle. This will truly apply to any place within the circle and must be kept in mind, so you can use it effectively to empower your working.

Pentagram, and Pentacle / Inverted Pentagram, And Inverted Pentacle:

The pentagram, and pentacle along with the inverted version of both of these can be brought into the design of your circle to bring in energies of power, protection, connection to the five western elements, and connection to the wu-xing (the five phases). These will greatly empower your circles by allowing the energies they produced to run throughout it in order to charge, and power your working. Depending upon what you are doing with your circle will determine whether you will want to include upright pentagrams, or inverted pentagrams, or you might even try to include both of them. Whether it is a inverted, and upright pentagram, or pentacle will depend on its relativity to the center of the circle. Using the upright pentagram would bring the energies of the external, feminine, yin, and spiritual world to help you in you’re working, while using the inverted pentagram would bring the energies of the internal, masculine, yang, and  physical world to help you in you’re working. The Inverted pentagram is a lot more connected to the self, where the upright pentagram were connected to the collective, both are very wonderful symbols and can help you out on in creating your own magick circle. Simply by adding a circle around the pentagram, it will become the pentacle. inverted, or upright the circle of the pentacle will add energies of unity, and protection to the already existing power of the pentagram, but it is up to you to decide when to use which.

Hexagram:

Another wonderful shape that you can bring into your magickal circle creation would be the hexagram. The hexagram is made when an upright triangle, and an inverted triangle meet to form the shape, because of this the hexagon shares correspondences with both triangles, and is also made out of masculine, and feminine energies, and yin, and yang energies. The hexagram also corresponds to the four elements and the Trinity because of the triangles that is made out of. The hexagram is also connected to the planetary energies, and  is also connected to the western four elements. Due to the fact the hexagram is made of the connection of the two triangles it is connected to both external, and internal manifestation, which makes it a good tool to have in magick circles that are related to invocation, and evocation.

Sigils, Glyphs, Names, And Symbols

Sigils, glyphs, names, and symbols are going to be powerful tools that will help you in the creation of your own magickal circle. All of these constructs have energies that are going to be used in order to empower, and guide you’re working towards your desire. Every one of these sigils, glyphs, names, and symbols is going to have its own correspondences, energies, and associations that will add different effects based on which one you choose, and how you choose to implemented into your circle. These can be taken from anywhere, or even created. This will not only personalize your circle, but will also provide energies that will be helpful with specific rituals, and practices. you can also choose to incorporate names of specific entities in order to invoke them to your ritual to help you accomplish your desires through the use of the circle.  All you would need to do is to write an entity’s name in, around, or near a specific aspect, or shape to connect their energies to that construct, so that their energies can help out your circle to manifest your desires. Their energy will usually show up to help you out, if they are willing to help you in your endeavors. Any surface that is blank in your magickal circle can be filled with some form of sigils, glyphs, names, and symbols to empower that specific part of the circle to represent a specific energy. By learning how these energies interact with each other, and work together to form one common goal the practitioner can craft a very effective circle in order to help them out with specific intents. Any shape that surrounds, or is near these sigils, glyphs, names, and symbols will be influenced by their energy.

Conclusion:

Learning all of these elements of the circle will allow you to bring all these aspects together in perfect harmony to create a magical circle, that will be good for the workings that you want to do. It is a very creative, and magickal process that will push the extent of your metaphysical, and occult knowledge. But, through the creation of a magickal circle you will greatly be able to empower you working, and to better your magical effectiveness.

examples of concept:

A Curse to Silence Those Who Speak Falsehoods or Cruel Words

Ingredients:

 A Red Candle

A Red Cloth Poppet

Needle and Thread

A Taglock of the Intended Target (a picture, their hair, their name written three times in black ink on a slip of paper, etc.)

A Knife

Procedure:

Sit alone in a room and light your candle.

Using the knife, make a slit in the back of the poppet and insert the taglock. Sew up the slit. (It doesn’t have to be perfect.)

Look at the poppet and say, “Your name is [Target’s Full Name].”

Cut a slit where the poppet’s mouth would be. Pour the red wax into the slit. Say “Your tongue bleeds every time you speak.” three times.

Blow out the candle and turn on the lights.

Hide the poppet somewhere it won’t be found. Cut out the taglock and burn the poppet once you wish to end the curse.

And UCD reportedly payed $175,000 for this image to not appear when you search it on google:

A jar spell to help protect you during your slumber and keep negative entities and dreams at bay.

You Will Need:

💤 Bay Leaf (bring positive spells, empowers spell) 💤 Sea Salt (general protection, cleansing) 💤 Cinnamon (general protection) 💤 Sweet Grass (general protection) 💤 Sage (general protection, peaceful sleep, prevents nightmares) 💤 Rosemary (prevents nightmares, protection during sleep) 💤 Rose Buds/Petals (protection) 💤 Spearmint (general protection) 💤 Lavender (sleep, good dreams, peace) 💤 Chamomile (peaceful sleep, prevents nightmares) 💤 Mullein (prevents nightmares, protection during sleep, keeps nocturnal demons at bay) 💤 Jar 💤 (optional) Sigil for protection or nightmare prevention (or both)

Steps:

💤 Cleanse and wash out your jar before doing this spell. Make sure it is well dried.

💤 Inside in layers place your herbs, the order is unimportant. Do what feels right for you.

💤 Once it is full at the top if you are using a sigil add in the sigil or draw it on the lid.

💤 Screw on your lid tightly

💤 To seal the spell you may use wax (preferably light blue or white or black), an energy seal, a sigil, tape, or anything else that you feel will work for me. I used an energy seal placed with a kiss for mine.

💤 Place beneath your bed to bring you protection each night you sleep and keep negativity and negative entities at bay while you sleep.

This is perhaps my favorite spell ever. Whenever I loose an item that I can’t seem to find and I have apples on hand I do this spell. I have done this twice so far and both times it’s worked beautifully.

You will need:

Extreme concentration 

Silence 

A apple 

Bowl of water

What to do:

Peel the apple with a knife. After the apple is completely peeled place the peal in the water while chanting:

Desde sua fundação em 2007, o Tumblr sempre foi um lugar aberto para autoexpressão criativa no coração de nossa cultura e comunidade. Parafraseando nosso fundador, David Karp, temos orgulho de ter inspirado uma geração de artistas, escritores, criadores, curadores e guerreiros que redefiniram nossa cultura e ajudaram a empoderar a individualidade.

Nos últimos meses, e inspirados por nossa tradição, pensamos seriamente sobre quem queremos ser para a comunidade futura, e trabalhamos arduamente para fundar os alicerces de um Tumblr melhor. Observamos que, para continuarmos a cumprir nossa promessa e nosso espaço na cultura, especialmente à medida que ela evolui, precisamos mudar. Parte dessa mudança começa com o estímulo a um diálogo construtivo entre os membros de nossa comunidade. Hoje estamos dando mais um passo, e esse é não permitir mais o conteúdo adulto, incluindo conteúdo sexual e nudez (com algumas exceções).

Primeiro, queremos ser claros sobre algo que não deve ser confundido com a presente alteração da política: postar qualquer coisa prejudicial a menores, incluindo pornografia infantil, é abominável e não tem espaço em nossa comunidade. Sempre tivemos e sempre teremos uma política de tolerância zero para esse tipo de conteúdo. Neste sentido, continuamos investindo continuamente no reforço desta política, incluindo o uso de monitoramento eletrônico padrão do setor, uma equipe de moderadores humanos em constante crescimento, e ferramentas para usuários que facilitam a denúncia. Também estamos estreitamente associados ao Centro Nacional para Crianças Desaparecidas e Exploradas e à Internet Watch Foundation, duas organizações inestimáveis na vanguarda da proteção de nossas crianças contra o abuso. E, através dessas parcerias, denunciamos violações desta política às autoridades. Não temos como impedir todos os agentes do mal de tentarem usar nossa plataforma indevidamente, mas a nossa maior prioridade é manter a comunidade o mais segura possível.

Então, o que está mudando?

Os posts que contiverem conteúdo adulto não serão mais permitidos no Tumblr, e atualizamos nossas Regras da Comunidade para refletir esta mudança na política. Reconhecemos que o Tumblr também é um local para falar abertamente sobre assuntos como arte, positivismo sexual, seus relacionamentos, sua sexualidade e sua jornada pessoal. Queremos nos certificar de que continuaremos a abrigar esse tipo de diversidade de expressão na comunidade, então nossa política se esforça para acertar no equilíbrio.

Por que estamos fazendo isso?

Nossa aspiração, humilde e contínua, é que o Tumblr seja um local seguro para a expressão criativa, autodescoberta e um grande senso de comunidade. Conforme o Tumblr continua a crescer e evoluir, e a nossa compreensão sobre o impacto que causamos em nosso mundo se torna mais clara, temos a responsabilidade de considerar este impacto em diferentes grupos de idade, demografia, culturas e modos de pensar. Dedicamos um tempo considerável pesando os prós e os contras da expressão na comunidade, incluindo o conteúdo adulto. Ao fazer isso, ficou claro que, sem esse conteúdo, teremos a oportunidade de criar um lugar onde mais pessoas vão se sentir à vontade para se expressarem.

Conclusão, não faltam lugares na Internet para o conteúdo adulto. Deixaremos isso para esses lugares e vamos focar nossos esforços na criação do ambiente mais acolhedor possível para a nossa comunidade.

E o que vem a seguir?

Em 17 de dezembro de 2018, essa nova política entra em vigor. Antes disso, os membros da comunidade que ainda tiverem o conteúdo que não é mais permitido no Tumblr já terão recebido um aviso e as instruções com os passos a seguir para apelar ou preservar o conteúdo fora da comunidade, caso optem por fazer isso. Essas alterações não acontecerão do dia para a noite, visto que algo desta complexidade leva tempo.

Lembramos que filtrar esse tipo de conteúdo é diferente de filtrar, por exemplo, um protesto político com nudez ou a estátua de David: em grande escala, não é simples. Confiamos em ferramentas automatizadas para identificar conteúdo adulto e nos adultos que ajudam a treinar e manter nossos sistemas em dia. Sabemos que haverá erros, mas fizemos nosso melhor para criar e impor uma política que reconhece a amplitude da expressão que vemos na comunidade.

Mais importante ainda, seremos o mais transparente possível com vocês sobre as decisões que estamos tomando e os recursos disponíveis, incluindo informações mais detalhadas, melhorias de produto e mais moderadores de conteúdo para interagir diretamente com a comunidade e com o conteúdo.

Assim como vocês, amamos o Tumblr e o que ele veio a se tornar para milhares de pessoas em todo o mundo. Nossas ações decorrem da esperança e do amor que temos por nossa comunidade. Nem sempre acertaremos nisso, principalmente no começo, mas estamos determinados a oferecer a vocês uma experiência positiva.

Jeff D’Onofrio