#vetstudent

december 1, 2024

passed all my exams of the 1st quarter, and we’ve now started cytology & histology as well as anatomy & fysiology 🔬

Studying pathology can definitely seem overwhelming at times (trust me, I'm still overwhelmed at times too!). I've written a few posts before about how to study for pathology, but unfortunately the hellsite is currently hiding them from me. However, the common thread in all my recommendations is this:

Everything in pathology is a process. Find the pattern, and it will all come together.

But Lizzie, you say, what the hell does that mean?

Any disease that you need to learn about will have common points that you need to know. Different people will teach these in different ways, so sometimes you can't see this thread, but it's always there. At vet school, I would go through the notes I had for each condition I needed to know about (usually grouped by organ system and species affected) and note down these key points:

1. Aetiology: what causes this problem? 2. Source: how and where does the animal get the problem (for infectious causes, what is the route of transmission? Is it genetic? If it's nutritional, what are they eating?) 3: Process: how do we get from aetiology and source to the lesions and clinical signs? This part can and should be a flow chart (e.g: canine parvovirus infects crypt epithelium > necrosis > loss of villus epithelial coverage > fluid loss, hemorrhage, secondary infections > diarrhoea, sepsis). Add as much detail as you can or as much as your professor provides. 4: Clinical signs: why is the animal presenting? What signs are pathognomonic or particularly specific (those make good clues in exam questions). Include whether this you'll see sporadic disease or outbreaks, key signalment points. 5: Gross lesions: what will you see on physical exam and at necropsy? Look for specific changes as above 6: Clinical pathology: bloodwork, urinalysis, FNA etc. 7: Histologic lesions: what will you see under the microscope or what will the pathologist's report say? You may or may not be required to know this at vet school, check what your professor wants. 8: Outcome: do animals survive this disease? Can they survive this disease?

Those 8 points should cover just about everything you need to know about any given condition. You can tweak the structure as suits you, but I found that when I structured my notes like that I had all the answers to my exam questions, and having a consistent flow through my notes helped it all stick in my brain because I wasn't searching for things while studying and I didn't have to jump around. There is, unfortunately, a lot of memorization in pathology, so I recommend making use of whatever memory aids help (flashcards etc.). Find this info, plug it into the system you like, and don't lose hope.

Last night before physiology exam

"Imagine this is in you bladder budding up over a couple of years. Today we relieved it of this problem. Life is good for him now.

Hardly any symptoms. Just a bulge in the belly. 25 year old lizard that likely got a little dehydrated or too much protein to get the uric acid and calcium stone developing. "

In short, the answer is yes.

In emergency practice you may see traumatic proptosis, seen on the schedule as “dogs eye popped out, on the way immediately”.

Experiencing this diagnosis for the first time can be quite shocking, and even nerve wracking. How do I fix this? What do I do? Will the eye be okay?

Proptosis is caused by a traumatic event, often blunt force trauma, and is especially likely in brachycephalic breeds (the ones with the short faces and buggy eyes). 

The eyelids become trapped behind the globe (eyeball) and prevent the globe from returning to its normal position. Swelling of the surrounding tissues further prevents the ability of the globe to return.