A new study led by researchers at the University of Arizona suggests that for every recognized vertebrate species, there are, on average, two additional species that have gone unnoticed. These overlooked organisms, known as “cryptic” species, appear almost identical to known species but are genetically distinct. The findings indicate that global vertebrate biodiversity may be far greater than…

The question of how vertebrates—the group that includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals—evolved their remarkable complexity compared to their invertebrate ancestors has long fascinated evolutionary biologists. Now, an international team of researchers has identified a striking pattern in how certain critical genes behave differently in vertebrates versus invertebrates, potentially…

So the very first vertebrates had four eyes. The centre two became the Pineal gland and vanished inside the skull, leaving us with two. I think that was an evolutionary mistake. Imagine if we still had four eyes.

We’d have better periphrial vision, damage to one eye would not be as catastrophic as it is now. Everything from driving, to working, to sports and hobbies would be better. It would be harder to sneak up on someone, or be snuck up on.

Best of all Peppa-Pig would be correct now.