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Skin is the largest organ of a body. It is made up of two layer : Upper Epidermy & the lower Dermis. The lowermost  layer of the epidermis is known as the basal layer. It contains organelles called melanosome. Melanosome contains cells called melanocyte which produce pigment called melanin.

What is responsible for giving skin color ?

The color of skin depends mainly on the amount of melanin. Thickness of epidermis & vascularity of the epidermis are the other factor affecting the color of skin.

What are the causes of Hyper-pigmentation ?

These are the causes of hyperpigmentation & increase tan in skin the sensei dark pigmentation the skin. Hyperpigmentation may either be due to increase in the melanin in the dermis & epidermis or epidermal pigmentary disorders respond well to treatment while to dermal pigmentation may take long time to lighter specific diseases comes under hyperpigmentation. 

Melasma :Periorbital melanosis

Freckles

Lenticels photo photomelanosis

Sunburn

Birth mark

Post Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation

Disorders of Skin Pigmentation of Different Types

1. Hyperpigmentation-  Darker skin tone than usual

Generalized hyperpigmentation: This condition is particularly common in Addison disease and hemochromatosis patients. Rarely, it may develop as a result of elevated MSH hormone brought on by metastatic melanoma.

Localized hyperpigmentation: Hemosiderin, an externally sourced pigment, may cause dark spots to seem locally hyperpigmented. This could be caused by thickened skin (such as ichthyosis or acanthosis nigricans), post-inflammatory pigmentation, photo contact dermatitis, skin cancers (pigmented basal cell carcinoma and melanoma), benign discoloured lesions (lentigines, moles, and seborrheic keratosis), past or present superficial skin infections (erythrasma and pityriasis Versicolor),

2. Depigmentation- No skin tone variation

White depigmented patches of skin called leukoderma may result from:

Contact dermatitis

Albinism (a rare genetic condition wherein there is a complete absence of pigmentation)

Halo naevus

Marks

Symptomless guttate hypomelanosis

Waardenburg syndrome and Piebaldism since birth

Morphoea, Lichen sclerosis, and Systemic sclerosis

Other types of skin darkening include photo-melanosis from sun exposure and periorbital melanosis, popularly known as dark circles.

At Twacha Aesthetic Clinic, a renowned pigmentation treatment, patients can receive treatment for all forms of skin pigmentation disorders.

3. Hypopigmentation- skin that is lighter or whiter than usual

Generalized hypopigmentation-Global hypopigmentation is the term used to describe the congenitally occurring generalised reduction in melanin pigments at birth, which may be caused by albinism or ethnic origin. Additionally, decreased melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) due to pituitary failure can occasionally result in acquired global hypopigmentation.

Localized hypopigmentation- It also known as naevus anaemicus or Bier spots, is the partial loss of melanin that manifests as white or pale patches. This skin disorder may be acquired or congenital. Pityriasis alba, Pityriasis versicolor, Syphilitic leukoderma, Progressive macular hypomelanosis, leprosy, vitiligo (caused by damaged melanocytes), and post-inflammatory hypopigmentation are among the circumstances to take into account in this type of hypopigmentation.

How are problems of pigmentation treated?

Hyperpigmentation

The reduction of skin darkening by further sun protection is crucial for hyperpigmented skin induced by sunlight or UV radiation at the exposed site. Therefore, experts advise wearing sun-protective apparel when going outside and applying broad-spectrum sunscreens every day (SPF greater than 30 & PA+++ rating). Cosmetic concealment can be helpful in some situations. The following skin whitening medications can be used alone or in combination to treat epidermal melanosis:

Glycolic acid and other fruit acids

Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic acid)

Hydroquinone

Azelaic acid

Topical corticosteroid

Topical retinoid

The use of skin resurfacing or skin brightening operations, which can only be carried out by expert dermatologists, is the most efficient strategy. Several of those suggested include:

Dermaroller- It is a minimally invasive procedure that efficiently treats hyperpigmented skin by puncturing it with a series of minuscule needles (depths ranging from 0.2 to 1 mm), which are then tipped over a portable rolling tool. This triggers the body to generate collagen and elastin, promotes skin cell regeneration, and disperses melanin clusters. There are very few adverse effects and it is a safe therapy for all skin types. It can treat melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, freckles, sunspots, and acne scars, among other types of hyperpigmentation. To notice effects, the operation must be carried out more than once (4-6 sessions are advised), separated by at least one month.

Growth factor with microneedling- One of the most discussed therapies for hyperpigmentation is growth factor therapy. The natural vital skin repair proteins found in growth factors are what’s behind the body’s quick recovery. A patient’s blood sample is drawn, processed with a centrifuge to separate the blood’s constituent parts, and then the growth factors layer is isolated for injection into the skin. When using a micro pen or derma roller, sterilised, small needles are used to penetrate the skin in controlled ways to do microneedling. By promoting collagen remodelling and the skin’s capacity for self-repair, a combination of microneedling and growth factors can work miracles. Most patients prefer this since it allows them to breach deeper skin layers.

Laser- One of the most discussed therapies for hyperpigmentation is growth factor therapy. The natural vital skin repair proteins found in growth factors are what’s behind the body’s quick recovery. A patient’s blood sample is drawn, processed with a centrifuge to separate the blood’s constituent parts, and then the growth factors layer is isolated for injection into the skin. When using a micro pen or derma roller, sterilised, small needles are used to penetrate the skin in controlled ways to do microneedling. By promoting collagen remodelling and the skin’s capacity for self-repair, a combination of microneedling and growth factors can work miracles. Most patients prefer this since it allows them to breach deeper skin layers.

Intense pulsed light therapy or IPL photo facial- High-energy, non-coherent light pulses are used in this procedure, which can penetrate the epidermis and induce the growth of new collagen in the dermis. Typically, these pulses have a wavelength between 500 and 1200 nm. It targets the concentration of melanin pigments in the skin dermis and uses heat to break them up into smaller pieces. Eventually, these disintegrated melanin pigments climb to the top layer where they can flake off or be removed from the body via the lymphatic system. In contrast to laser therapy, this procedure uses a variety of light wavelengths, causes less discomfort, and requires no downtime. While it is the perfect therapy for fair skin, persons with darker skin should use extra caution.

  Hypopigmentation

In the case of hypopigmentation disorders caused by infections or inflammatory skin disorders, the treatment which focuses on the underlying disorder can help resolve discoloration within a few weeks or months. Achromia (loss of skin pigment) because of scarring has no cure. The therapies to treat vitiligo provide variable results among different people.

Who would benefit most from treatment to lighten pigmentation?

Those who can benefit from pigmentation treatments must fulfil the following requirements:

Having good well being

Don’t have any skin conditions that are active, such as viral skin infection.

looking to treat skin pigmentation issues in order to improve their appearance

Skin Pigmentation Removal Treatment by Dermaroller, Growth Factor with microneedling, Laser, Intense Pulsed Light Therapy, or IPL Photo Facial. These treatments are among the most advanced for removing unwanted pigmentation of the skin, such as age spots, sun spots, and freckles.

Twacha Aesthetic Clinic - Goregaon West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400104

Dermatology, Cosmetic Surgery, Skin, Hair, Laser and Holistic Wellness Program under one Roof.