#timeinphysics

Zeit ist das, was man an der Uhr abliest.Time is what a clock measures.Albert Einstein (1879–1955) What is Time in physics and Time Science? Time in physics is defined by its measurement: time is what a clock reads In classical, non-relativistic physics it is a scalar quantity and, like length, mass, and charge, is usually described as a fundamental quantity. Time can be combined mathematically with other physical quantities to derive other concepts such as motion, kinetic energy and time-dependent fields. Timekeeping is a complex of technological and scientific issues, and part of the foundation of record keeping. More on Wiki here. Disorder increases with time because we measure time in the direction in which disorder increases. STEPHEN HAWKING, A Brief History of Time

Time in physics and time Science? What is the "meaning of time" in science? In physical science, time is defined as a measurement, or as what the clock face reads. “Time, a measured or measurable period, a continuum that lacks spatial dimensions. Time is of philosophical interest and is also the subject of mathematical and scientific investigation.” See more Time Symbolism. The time scale of the universe is very long compared to that for human life. It was therefore not surprising that until recently, the universe was thought to be essentially static, and unchanging in time. On the other hand, it must have been obvious, that society is evolving in culture and technology. This indicates that the present phase of human history can not have been going for more than a few thousand years. Otherwise, we would be more advanced than we are. It was therefore natural to believe that the human race, and maybe the whole universe, had a beginning in the fairly recent past. ὥσπερ οὖν εἰ μὴ ἦν ἕτερον τὸ νῦν ἀλλὰ ταὐτὸ καὶ ἕν, οὐκ ἂν ἦν χρόνος.As, if the now had remained the same, time would not have existed.Αριστοτέλης  (384–322 BCE) Many people were unhappy with the idea that the universe had a beginning, because it seemed to imply the existence of a supernatural being who created the universe. They preferred to believe that the universe, and the human race, had existed forever. Their explanation for human progress was that there had been periodic floods, or other natural disasters, which repeatedly set back the human race to a primitive state. https://youtu.be/Eb8c_302lxs Time-use research Time-use research is an interdisciplinary field of study dedicated to learning how people allocate their time during an average day. Work intensity is the umbrella topic that incorporates time use, specifically time poverty. The comprehensive approach to time-use research addresses a wide array of political, economic, social, and cultural issues through the use of time-use surveys. Surveys provide geographic data and time diaries that volunteers record using GPS technology and time diaries. Time-use research investigates human activity inside and outside the paid economy. It also looks at how these activities change over time. Time-use research is not to be confused with time management. Χρόνος ἐστὶν ἐν ᾧ καιρός, καὶ καιρὸς ἐν ᾧ χρόνος οὐ πολύς. Time is that wherein there is opportunity, and opportunity is that wherein there is no great time. Ιπποκράτης (460–370 BCE) Time-use research is a social science interested in human behavioural patterns and seeks to build a body of knowledge to benefit a wide array of disciplines interested in how people use their time. Time management is an approach to time allocation with a specific managerial purpose aimed at increasing the efficiency or effectiveness of a given process. Questions relating to time-use research arise in most professional and academic disciplines, notably: urban planning and urban design (how does community design impact people's use of time?)transportation planning (what groups use active transportation and public transit?)social work (how do people maintain social relationships and who is more likely to spend time alone?)recreation and active living (which groups are more physically active?)information technology (what role does information technology play in people's daily lives?)feminist economics (how does non-market work affect gender inequality and economic well-beings in our society?). More about Time-use research on Wiki here. Time, as we know it, is a very recent invention. The modern time-sense is hardly older than the United States. It is a by-product of industrialism — a sort of psychological analogue of synthetic perfumes and aniline dyes.Aldous Huxley (1894–1963) Time in physics and time Science? Theories of science have ignored time… until now. A new idea reveals how it created the Universe – and you, writes Robert Matthews. Time: it rules our lives, and we all wish we had more of it. Businesses make money out of it, and scientists can measure it with astonishing accuracy. Earlier this year, American researchers unveiled an atomic clock accurate to better than one second since the Big Bang 14 billion years ago. But what, exactly, is time? Despite its familiarity, its ineffability has defied even the greatest thinkers. Over 1,600 years ago the philosopher Augustine of Hippo admitted defeat with words that still resonate: “If no-one asks me, I know what it is. If I wish to explain it to him who asks, I do not know.” The True Nature Of Time - Documentary (2016) https://youtu.be/2TiQidGPHA4 More about Time in physics and time Science?: Time symbolism Time is… Symbolism of Melencolia I by Albrecht Dürer Time and Text Hourglass and Death on St Thomas’ Church Hourglass – symbol of Death Hourglass and Skeleton “Hourglass and Cards” Exhibition Father Time Time Hub The Hourglass, Hourglass History Hourglass symbolism Hourglass Body Hourglass Tattoo https://physics.info/time/ Clearly… any real body must have extension in four directions: it must have length, breadth, thickness, and duration…. There are really four dimensions, three which we call the three planes of space, and a fourth, time. There is, however, a tendency to draw an unreal distinction between the former three dimensions and the latter, because it happens that our consciousness moves intermittently in one direction along the latter from the beginning to the end of our lives.H.G. Wells (1866–1946)

Time Resources

Calendars Calendar Reform, Rick McCarty, East Carolina UniversityCalendars and their History, L. E. Doggett, reprinted from Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical AlmanacCalendars Through the Ages, Claus TønderingSeven Day Week, Ed Stephan, Western Washington UniversityClocks (and watches) How Stuff Works, Marshall Brain Alarm ClockDigital ClockPendulum ClockQuartz Watch, Smithsonian InstitutionClocks, atomic ammonia The Atomic Clock: An Atomic Standard of Frequency and Time. National Bureau of Standards Technical News Bulletin. Vol. 33 No. 2 (February 1949): 17–24. The first atomic clock used ammonia, so it was really a "molecular clock".The Atomic Clock. Harold Lyons. Instruments. Vol. 22 (December 1949): 133–135.Microwave spectroscopic frequency and time standards. Harold Lyons. Electronic Engineering. Vol. 68. (March 1949): 251.Atomic clock. Harold Lyons, Benjamin F. Husten. US Patent 2,699,503 (1955).cesium The atomic clock: a universal standard of frequency and time. Harold Lyons. American Scholar. Vol. 19 (April 1950): 159–168.ytterbium Optical Frequency Measurements Group. Time and Frequency Division. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).An Atomic Clock with 10−18 Instability. N. Hinkley, J. A. Sherman, N. B. Phillips, M. Schioppo, N. D. Lemke, K. Beloy, M. Pizzocaro, C. W. Oates, A. D. Ludlow. Science. Vol. 341 No. 6151 (13 September 2013): 1215-1218.strontium Jun Ye Group. JILA — a joint institute of University of Colorado Boulder and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).An optical lattice clock with accuracy and stability at the −18 level. B.J. Bloom, T.L. Nicholson, J.R. Williams, S.L. Campbell, M. Bishof, X. Zhang, W. Zhang, S.L. Bromley, J. Ye. Nature. Vol. 506 (6 February 2014): 71–77.A quantum network of clocks. P. Kómár, E.M. Kessler, M. Bishof, L. Jiang, A.S. Sørensen, J. Ye, M.D. Lukin. Nature Physics. Vol. 10 (August 2014) 582–587.History A Walk Through Time. The Evolution of Time Measurement through the Ages.Humor New "Time" to Keep Everything from Happening at Once, The Onion, 19 April 2000Mr. Deity and the Really Hard Time, Mr. Deity, 8 February 2010length of day International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) hpiers.obspm.frwww.iers.orgNASA Details Earthquake Effects on the Earth More Time Resources here

Scientific Time Research

Welcome to CTUR The ESRC Centre for Time Use Research is a world-leading, multidisciplinary research group based at the UCL Institute of Education in University College London (UCL). Our team of researchers – which includes sociologists, economists, and demographers – work with Time Use Data to investigate issues in areas including social life, work-life balance, family, gender, and economics. The centre is also home to the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) which brings together more than a million diary days from over 70 randomly sampled national-scale surveys, into a single standardised format. MTUS allows researchers to analyse time spent by different sorts of people in various sorts of work and leisure activities, over the last 55 years and across 30 countries. CTUR is also funded by the US National Institutes of Health, and by an Advanced Grant from the European Research Council. More info about The ESRC Centre for Time Use Research here

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