#thermodynamic

Abstract

Thermodynamics and adsorption studies were conducted with a dye of Rhoda mine-B (RB) on organoclay (OC). Adsorption of the dye was investigated with an initial dye concentration at pH 7±0.3, 298, 308 and 318 K. The adsorption experiments were carried out isothermally at three different temperatures. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to describe the equilibrium data and the results were discussed in details. The thermodynamic parameters such as standard free energy (ΔG°), entropy change (ΔS°) and enthalpy (ΔH°) were calculated for OC. These values showed that adsorption of RB on OC was a spontaneous and endothermic  process.

Get the original articles in Source: Thermodynamics and adsorption studies of rhodamine-b dye onto organoclay

Journal Name: Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)

Knowledge 5

Open system, closed system and isolated systems are three different types of thermodynamic system. Let's learn more about these systems in this article.

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Root Zone Heating Systems for Greenhouses – Farm Energy

Black Hole Thermodynamics and Quantum Mechanics Prevent Time Arrow Reversal in a Single Universe.

Quantum Mechanistic Black Hole

The "arrow of time," or temporal asymmetry, has long been one of physics' biggest problems. The direction of time is dictated by the steady increase in disorder, or entropy, but scientists are always striving to discover if this universal flow is immutable. Kevin Song and John Zhang of the University of Alabama in Birmingham and their colleagues recently studied the limits of reversing this arrow in gravity and quantum physics.

The group considered speculative wormholes, controlling black holes, and retrocausal quantum physics that put effects before causes. These events were investigated to see if they could temporarily reduce overall entropy, reversing time. Although intricate manipulations are possible, these atypical choices only allow a redistribution of entropy over the cosmos, not a full reversal of the universal arrow of time.

The Generalised Entropy Constraint

This paper extends existing notions in black hole physics, the Generalised Second Law (GSL) of Thermodynamics, and holographic entanglement entropy. The team studies the constraints that prohibit endogenous agencies from dramatically lowering or reversing cosmic entropy.

The researchers combined quantum field entropy and black hole horizon area to create a generalised entropy for gravity-related systems. Even with advanced tools, they showed that reversing the generalised entropy has a basic limit. The crucial finding is that generalised entropy is only non-decreasing on suitable horizons. Despite local decreases or redistributions, growing entropy cannot be stopped. This supports the thermodynamic arrow of time and limits efforts to build time machines or reverse time.

Global Entropy Transport Framework

The inquiry focused on whether a single universe might reverse the thermodynamic arrow without parallel universe hypotheses. The study differentiated fine-grained and coarse-grained entropy to explain their findings.

“Global Entropy Transport,” a conceptual model for studying how entropy redistributes across the universe, was a major achievement of the study. Entropy flows between matter, radiation, and gravity in this image due to nonlocal connections.

The researchers carefully derived a sectoral inequality using this method. This inequality precisely quantifies the maximum entropy that may be derived from non-gravitational sectors (matter and radiation) without violating the Generalised Second Law. The inequality links horizon area and correlations to any reduction in matter-radiation entropy. This paradigm allows scientists to assess the limits of entropy reduction in a single universe.

Why Universal Time Reversal Is Impossible

The complete research of black hole and wormhole circumstances showed that they can spread entropy among matter, radiation, and gravity, but not reverse time. It was computed that a macroscopic wormhole needs a Planckian throat radius or a lot of strange things.

The study also demonstrated that an increase in correlations carefully counteracts any local reversal or decrease in entropy. The team's work proved that any physically admissible process must increase generalised entropy by showing that any attempt to decrease universal entropy must defy physical laws or use extremely specialised boundary conditions.

We found that black holes, wormholes, and retrocausal protocols only alter entropy production, not its inexorable ascent, which is consistent with the generalised second law of thermodynamics. The authors acknowledge that their conclusions depend on quantum field theory, energy conditions, and the holographic principle, but the research provides a strong theoretical constraint against reversing time within this semiclassical framework.

Cosmological Time Direction

The researchers' major constraint is the broad physical interpretation of time direction. Gravity and quantum mechanics limit time's one-way flow. As the universe expands from a smooth, low-entropy state (the Big Bang), gravity defines the large-scale direction (Gravitational Arrow), clumping matter and increasing disorder. Extreme gravitational entropy is seen in black holes, which attract mass and enhance the forward arrow.

Quantum mechanics offers the microscopic Quantum Arrow. This includes decoherence, the process by which quantum systems lose coherence and respond classically due to interactions with their surroundings, and quantum wavefunction collapse during measurement.

Thermodynamic path to structural transcendence.

No mystical fluff, no ego narratives, just what actually reorganizes the organism efficiently.

Observe energy patterns, not meaning.

Track where your nervous system expends energy. Is it tension, obsession, mental loops, emotional surges?

Don’t label them as “good” or “bad”; they are thermodynamic events. Example: notice how frustration spikes when you try to force productivity beyond your capacity.

Apply controlled repetition and exhaustion.

Let the nervous system run its habitual drives to their natural limits.

Repetition exhausts patterns and reduces their energetic intensity over time. Example: if impatience drives you to overwork, allow a controlled “overwork session” until the nervous system tires and self-limits emerge.

Reduce identification.

When you feel “I am angry” or “I am impatient,” detach from the story. It’s just energy circulating in an organism.

Avoid conceptual ownership: do not narrate, moralize, or justify drives. Example: instead of thinking “I must control this anxiety,” notice the spike and label it as a pulse, not you.

Optimize feedback loops.

Notice what environmental or internal feedback triggers energy spikes.

Adjust behavior or exposure to reduce unnecessary cost. Example: if social media triggers envy or comparison loops, temporarily eliminate it to prevent repeated neural overactivation.

Allow recalibration without interference.

Step back; let the organism reorganize its internal hierarchy naturally.

No “understanding,” no “third force” trying to reconcile. Energy finds efficient equilibrium by itself. Example: let conflicting desires (achiever/preserver) act without trying to reason or negotiate. Wait for the slower, more efficient pattern to stabilize.

Measure success thermodynamically.

Track stability. Energy fluctuations reduce, exhaustion decreases, attention is sustained longer, habitual loops weaken.

Avoid moral or narrative evaluation. Focus on system efficiency. Example: you feel calmer, more capable of action without overcommitment, not because you “understand yourself,” but because the nervous system settled.

Core principle