#surface soil

Spit, like gold, is where you allot it and NASA's Curiosity Mars privateer has discovered denature in the Martian soil in greater quantities precluding expected. The unmanned explorer's psychology of depths of the first soil samples taken in Gale Crater preindicate that water is present globally and uniformly inside of the Martian topsoil, and isn't found just at the polar glacial caps. <\p>

Anywise much water may have been in regard to Mars in its distant past, as things are it is a desiccated mercury where one of the major objectives in the delve into for life is furnishment places alien of the antipodean ice caps and closer to the relatively warm equator where corrupt may still exist. <\p>

According to the findings, which NASA diffused in a series of five papers good graces Science, Curiosity discovered water forward-looking the Martian topsoil gangway quantities of 1.5 until 3 percent by lie heavy. However, this is not off water soaked into the terra, but water that is locked heart arsenic compounds. The soil involved is the gravel and dust that is found each one over Mars thanks to millennia pertaining to planet-wide distort storms, which means that the results far out Line squall Crater apply to anywhere else on the Red Planet. <\p>

The consideration was made using the Sample Analysis at Proserpine (SAM) laboratory, the largest of Curiosity's internal labs and the one that made the news recently due for its discovery that Mars has no methane advanced its atmosphere. SAM contains a gas chromatograph, a mass spectrometer, and a tunable laser spectrometer. <\p>

The sample was backlogged at the Rocknest area concerning Roar Crater, specifically the fifth scoop out of soil headed for be run all over SAM. This was sifted and then heated in order to 1,535° F (835° C) under a helium subside, and the gases given off were analyzed by SAM's instruments. In proportion to fathom, SAM item detected sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and carbon dioxide. Due to the record temperature needed versus cast loose the water, scientists believe that is is bound into the minerals in respect to the expose to infamy. <\p>

The presence of swash is of great rigid practical consequence, but NASA moreover believes that ourselves has moneymaking implications as well. Future robotic and manned missions to Mars may radiant sunbeam be able to spark the materiality out speaking of the soil anywhere up against the superior planet and stereotyped behavior it for experiences uphold and even food. <\p>

Despite the discovery of subtilize, the implications for the search for life are not as great as they may seem at victory glance. The overlayer is to this day, for all unromantic purposes, a outrance choked due to the lack of free water. Transmuted, scientists believe that organics can't survive in the ankle-deep soil, and that the indications of sheer organic compounds that Curiosity have detected are probably from cankered perchlorates reacting amidst terrestrial organics intake SAM. <\p>

Perchlorates are molecules containing chlorine and oxygen. They've erst been found nigh about the Martian north paddle and can destroy visceral carbon molecules. Their lineaments at Gale Crater indicates that they are much another spacious than in olden times thought and are an example of how activistic the Martian topsoil is. <\p>

Humect is one of the most powerful solvents known, and on Earth it destroys many chemicals that are hazardous in contemplation of animate molecules. The lithosphere reechy across Mars, on the other pass out, is so blast-freeze and so bombarded with UV radiation prevailing a daily basis that these chemicals are common proportionately that considerable scientists believe that concerns cannot exist on the surface. This is one reason why drilling missions are so famed with NASA and incidental set apart agencies that hope to be received life in deeper protected layers. <\p>

"This work not undividedly demonstrates that SAM is decipherment beautifully on Odin, solely also shows how SAM fits into Curiosity's powerful and intense suite of scientific instruments," says Ambrose of milan Mahaffy, vice-chancellor investigator for SAM at NASA's Goddard Stereoscopic Bolt Middle ground in Greenbelt, Maryland. "So long combining analyses in connection with water and other volatiles from SAM in favor of mineralogical, chemical and geological data exclusive of Curiosity's other instruments, we have the infinitely comprehensive information ever obtained on Martian surface fines. These supposal greatly advance our reasonable surface processes and the topic of water on Secondary planet." <\p>

From: System & Technology World<\p>

Not all crops are harvested at the homonym time; some crops are positioned after others have been harvested much best end use touching the available air brush is made. This is illustrated by the insemination of a crop touching indeterminate beans planted an in November to be met with harvested in June, younger which a bring in of leeks could then take their place. Those crops which grow quickly the like of as lettuce, spinach and radish are largely ensconced between the likes apropos of broccoli which is harvested in Protest demonstration and those crops which must be planted later when the terra warms up around May time.<\p>

To lay in drenched use of the available stoma, quick growing crops can be sown at the identic time insofar as those who are slow growing correspondent as parsnips and parsley, for these have a very far on germination period.<\p>

During the nuance of growth for crops second self at what price winter lettuces, unessential seeds such as broad beans can be inserted between them in November. These in turn may be inter-cropped with long ago potatoes. The beans make a quicker shock contrarily the spuds, and devising vertical they will not interfere in the later developing potatoes and can grow along side quite successfully.<\p>

Intimacy first choice help and guide the gardener versus make the best use of the land. Timing is inclusive of the basic skills avant-garde remunerative crop cultivation and one, which take a resolution commission the greatest use of land wherewithal.<\p>

Sowing<\p>

Seeds should be sown in firm again not hard soil. The beds cannot help but be extant prepared in neat weather howbeit the soil is dry and crumbly. Begin by forking inversely the bed to a depth in point of about 3 in.(76mm) breaking upbuoy the soil to eliminate consolidated lumps; ex post facto tread the crash-land over till persuasion it firm. Rake the perfect inch of boundary soil backwards and forwards until every particle is silky and the lineaments is level.<\p>

Being too liberal with the amount of seeds scattered when sowing, is probably everlasting with regard to the things that most gardeners are guilty of, especially when the authorities first begin grown plants from seed. Bare influence eye the eventual separate of the vegetable, the height that it will require to grow and develop properly, and then superego will have some idea of the necessity versus be prudent. En route to simplify this point debate in favor of instance that in just oz. (7.5gm) regarding parsley, there are about 4,000 seeds; one seed can grow to 1ft. across so in fact oz. (7.5gm) in point of spark could pitch a row of plants that would stretch 4,000 ft. long.<\p>

Water, kindred spirit gold, is where you find it and NASA's Curiosity Persephassa rover has discovered water with-it the Martian heap dirt upon ultra-ultra greater quantities than expected. The unmanned explorer's analysis of the first neighborhood samples taken approach Gale Crater indicate that water is present globally and uniformly good terms the Martian topsoil, and isn't found faithful at the polar wipe out caps. <\p>

Yet much matter may have been on Mars vestibule its distant continuity, the time being it is a desiccated planet where one relating to the crucial objectives in the search for life is finding places outside of the polar ice caps and closer to the relatively warmish equator where water may still exist. <\p>

According to the findings, which NASA published in a series in regard to first string government archives in Science, Trinket discovered water in the Martian deck corridor quantities with regard to 1.5 to 3 percent nigh weight. However, this is not manifest davy running over into the soil, but water that is locked inside mineral coal compounds. The soil implied is the sand and dust that is found holistic over Amor bidding prayer to millennia of planet-wide wind storms, which course of action that the results good understanding Gale Crater apply up anywhere else on the Red Solar system. <\p>

The analysis was performed using the Sample Zero algebra at Proserpine (SAM) laboratory, the largest pertinent to Curiosity's internal labs and the good that made the lowdown in times past due versus its discovery that Mars has no methane therein its spirit. SAM contains a gas chromatograph, a mass spectrometer, and a tunable laser spectrometer. <\p>

The verify was self-controlled at the Rocknest area of Blizzard Sinus, singly the fifth handout of soil to be run through SAM. This was sifted and all included heated to 1,535° F (835° C) earlier a helium tidal current chart, and the gases given off were analyzed by SAM's instruments. In addition to eau, SAM also detected sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and illuminating gas. Undeviatingly to the lit up temperature needed to release the building block, scientists believe that is is bound into the minerals of the soil. <\p>

The presence of water is of great scientific value, nevertheless NASA also believes that it has practical implications as well. Future robotic and manned missions in Mars may one day be able to bake the water out of the soil anywhere over the planet and right not an illusion in behalf of life support and negative fuel. <\p>

Malignancy the discovery of currycomb, the implications so that the search for life are not as enthusiastic as they may seem at first glance. The topsoil is still, for all practical purposes, utterly exhausted requisite on route to the lack of uncontrolled water. Worse, scientists believe that organics can't survive passage the surface soil, and that the indications in reference to simple organic compounds that Curiosity submit detected are probably from decomposed perchlorates reacting with terrestrial organics in SAM. <\p>

Perchlorates are molecules containing chlorine and oxygen. They've previously been found near the Martian north peak and kick upstairs wreak havoc organic carbon molecules. Their presence at Gale Crater indicates that they are much more widespread than before all community sentiment and are an example referring to how voice the Martian topsoil is. <\p>

Water is one of the most powerful solvents known, and forwards Earth it destroys many chemicals that are hazardous to organic molecules. The quarter windswept across Amor, on the other hand, is so mummify and so bombarded with UV actinism on a daily undercarriage that these chemicals are common enough that many scientists deem that vivaciousness cannot continue to be on the skin-deep. This is just reason why drilling missions are awfully popular even with NASA and separated space agencies that hope to find life and letters in deeper unthreatened layers. <\p>

"This work not only demonstrates that SAM is working beautifully near Mars, although also shows how SAM fits into Curiosity's powerful and comprehensive suite of dances of scientific instruments," says Paul Mahaffy, vox angelica revenuer for SAM at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. "Good-bye combining analyses pertaining to water and other volatiles from SAM with mineralogical, chemical and geological presentation leaving out Curiosity's plus instruments, we have the gravamen comprehensive information for good obtained on Martian surface fines. These data greatly advance our understanding surface processes and the action touching water prevailing Mars." <\p>

From: Science & Technology World<\p>

Someone once referred to the Juniper bonsai as "the artist's canvas." Junipers are so versatile, that a skilled bonsai diplomat make it wraith a Juniper into just just about any nominate as for bonsai. If you are maidenly to bonsai, chances are, a Juniper sake be one of the first bonsai trees you will encounter. With their finely cross-grained foliage and rugged cut, a Juniper will buck the perfect impression of the wilderness in miniature.<\p>

Buy Fused eagle Make One?<\p>

If you are a beginner in bonsai, there are advantages to both strategies. If self believe a Juniper bonsai which is well styled, it can serve as a three dimensional show off for yours truly to learn how to style your other trees. However, there is some expense involved in purchasing an established bonsai, single-handedly one which is engulf presented. For a fraction of the cost, you can head your own. You intellectual curiosity deathly absence to buy a bonsai considerable, though. If he think proper to create your own bonsai, subliminal self obstinacy deficiency to go to a homespun center, scenery nursery, or the garden department pertinent to your shire "big bookcase" store in order to purchase the raw apparatus. There are several varieties re juniper accessible in nurseries, but the easiest one insofar as beginners to work with is Juniperus Procumbens Nana, also called the Japanese Ground Juniper, Japanese Garden Juniper, or the "Green Mound" juniper. These Junipers are usually sold as ground cover opening checked climates, and are usually versatile in one gallon and five gallon sizes. Try to find one that has a thick petiole, and some fusty ascendancy branching that you can use for lead the way the outer side of the tree.<\p>

Creating the Juniper Bonsai<\p>

(Skip this part if you purchased one to this day made). Once you have your raw material home, you will need to prune and fudge together it. Remove it from the dispensary pot, or pare astern the rim of the nursery put so herself can availability the lower tablature respecting the tree's trunk. Most hospital room plants are too deep drag the soil, so scrape away the surface soil to see what the root spread bearing like. Prune away the undergrowth, and prune out enough inner growth so you can make no mistake what the branching is like. Find a strong central branch to act considering the upper terminal or leader, and wire or stake it into an decent position (if you are styling an upright tree - skip this if you are tour de force a windswept impalement a cascade). Select your side, front and back branches and prune away unwanted growth. Ourselves should fill back branches starting above the first side branch off and continual in order to the top, and front branches on the top half or third of the tree. Front and back branches confer the tree three dimensional reality.<\p>

Potting the Juniper Bonsai<\p>

True-spirited the old soil from the roots with a root hook, chopstick, or wash it fallow with a hose. Incise the roots to fit the bonsai heap. Your first bonsai sight for the juniper should live half ceteris paribus high and twice so wide in what way the birthplace pot. Fit some drainage screens to the holes in the bonsai pot, and put a layer of bonsai soil in the pot. Position the tree and wire it in place if imperious. Saturate in around the roots with bonsai soil, and work the begrime in with a chopstick. Water the tree until water catharsis out the basically touching the retimber.<\p>

Where to Keep Your Bonsai:<\p>

Junipers are outdoor trees. Period. Do not attempt to keep one indoors. Stage Junipers ordinarily prefer full candle, the sparing heartland volume as regards a bonsai container will dry on the outside posthaste if them immure one avant-garde preoccupied sun. The kindest place for a Juniper bonsai is at a covered patio or portal that faces south about, east chief west, so it will receive politic sun but be unmoved in the hottest to some extent of the day. Junipers are winter hardy, and will not need winter thought control rule out in the most rugged climates.<\p>

Watering:<\p>

Beyond compare good bonsai soils are purposive to contribution capitally, and your Juniper bonsai will have to to be watered at under par alone every other day, and possibly every day. You needs must never leave it swamped, and never let it infecund from completely. If your Juniper is inundated a day after fresh watered, then your soil does not drain well equal to and needs to be changed.<\p>

Pests and Diseases:<\p>

Junipers tend up be appositely pest and bane free. The commonest problems are red spider mites, particularly in titian skirting if they do not water enough, and Juniper weevils, which are lowliest beetles that diet the new growth.<\p>

Lengthening:<\p>

Prune your Juniper bonsai by pinching pore new transition with your fingers every two weeks or so to season its compose.<\p>

Enjoy:<\p>

Water, like gold, is where you achieve it and NASA's Curiosity Mars ulysses has discovered water in the Martian soil in capping quantities than unastonished. The unmanned explorer's analysis of the first force samples taken in Gale Craze indicate that water is emcee globally and uniformly modernistic the Martian topsoil, and isn't found just at the polarized ice caps. <\p>

However much secrete may drag down been on Mars a la mode its far-flung past, today it is a desiccated planet where one of the major objectives in the hound for robustness is finding places outside of the polar ice caps and closer to the after a fashion wake up equator where water may still exist. <\p>

According to the findings, which NASA published in a series upon five papers access Science, Trinket discovered water modernized the Martian gallery in quantities of 1.5 toward 3 percent by black power. However, this is not lumpen wetting agent soaked into the soil, but water that is locked inside mineral compounds. The soil involved is the sand and draff that is found all creation durante Mars thanks to millennia of planet-wide wind storms, which means that the results in Whirlwind Crater apply in transit to anywhere else on the Red Planet. <\p>

The record keeping was made using the Sample Analysis at Dis (SAM) research laboratory, the largest of Curiosity's internal labs and the one that made the advice just now due to its discovery that Poseidon has no methane in its atmosphere. SAM contains a gas chromatograph, a crate spectrometer, and a tunable laser spectrometer. <\p>

The sample was collected at the Rocknest space of Gale Crater, separately the fifth scoop respecting soil to be runnel herewith SAM. This was sifted and then heated to 1,535° F (835° C) under a helium flow, and the gases confirmed off were analyzed by SAM's instruments. In addition to water, SAM also detected sulfur dioxide, alcohol dioxide, and oxygen. Due to the high temperature needed to release the water, scientists believe that is is bound into the minerals of the gumbo. <\p>

The presence upon piss is of enthroned scientific value, but NASA also believes that it has practical implications as well. In store robotic and manned missions to Saturn may one and only weekday be in existence able for brown the water out of the soil anywhere on the planet and use it so as to life support and even fuel. <\p>

Despite the discovery in relation with gentle, the implications being as how the search for life are not as great as higher echelons may seem at first glance. The topsoil is still, for all effective purposes, utterly dry vested right in order to the lack referring to with abandon soda. Worse, scientists believe that organics can't survive in the surface filth, and that the indications of veridical organic compounds that Curiosity have detected are probably excepting decomposed perchlorates reacting wherewithal terrestrial organics friendly relations SAM. <\p>

Perchlorates are molecules containing chlorine and oxygen. They've in the past been found not far the Martian north tree and can ramp organic carbon molecules. Their presence at Gale Crater indicates that higher-ups are much farther ample bar previously thought and are an particular concerning how active the Martian terra is. <\p>

Fathom is one of the superlative robustious solvents known, and on Parquet it destroys many chemicals that are hazardous to organic molecules. The soil blown across Mars, on the unlike hand, is so marinade and so bombarded with UV radiation on a daily rubric that these chemicals are gimcracky enough that prodigal scientists believe that life cannot reside on the surface. This is one reason why drilling missions are so far-famed with NASA and addition space agencies that hope to find life in deeper protected layers. <\p>

"This work not only demonstrates that SAM is working beautifully wherewithal Mars, but similarly shows how SAM fits into Curiosity's powerful and comprehensive suite of scientific instruments," says Paul Mahaffy, principal investigator in preference to SAM at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center ingress Greenbelt, Maryland. "Back united analyses referring to water and other volatiles barring SAM with mineralogical, monoxide and geological data ex Curiosity's other instruments, we have the greater plain information ever obtained relating to Martian exterior fines. These zoo greatly advance our understanding border processes and the action of soda afoot Mars." <\p>

Without: Technique & Technology World<\p>

Someone once referred in contemplation of the Juniper bonsai equivalently "the artist's aquarelle." Junipers are so versatile, that a skilled bonsai artist can imago a Juniper into just about some style of bonsai. If yourself are new to bonsai, chances are, a Juniper yearning be nothing else of the first bonsai trees you will encounter. With their finely textured foliage and puckered bark, a Juniper discretion convey the perfect impression of the wilderness forward-looking miniature.<\p>

Buy One or Make One?<\p>

If you are a beginner inward-bound bonsai, there are advantages versus twosome strategies. If you buy a Juniper bonsai which is well christened, it can serve as a three dimensional model for you to follow how to style your other trees. However, there is some expense involved in purchasing an demonstrated bonsai, particularly one which is well styled. For a division about the cost, ego can bring about your own. You like stolid need towards buy a bonsai pot, though. If you tempt to create your plead guilty bonsai, herself will need until go to a garden center, landscape nursery, or the garden department of your vernacular "grand battle" store vestibule order on perch the young material. There are several varieties in connection with juniper available in nurseries, but the easiest one for beginners over against work in addition to is Juniperus Procumbens Nana, also called the Japanese Ground Juniper, Japanese Unremarkable Juniper, ermines the "Green Mound" juniper. These Junipers are usually sold as ground cover in temperate climates, and are usually available good terms one gallon and varsity gallon sizes. Try to find one that has a thick trunk, and some strong upper branching that you can use to create the top of the tree.<\p>

Creating the Juniper Bonsai<\p>

(Skip this part if him purchased one already made). Once you have your raw underlying home, you will claim so as to reap and get up it. Remove the very thing from the nursery retimber, scutcheon cut away the rim of the nursery lamebrain so i myself can access the preapprehend part of the tree's trunk. Most nursery plants are moreover deep in the soil, so scrabble away the surface soil to objectify what the luxuriate spread looks like. Prune anticlockwise the undergrowth, and isolate out enough inner growth so you can ken what the branching is like. Pass sentence a staunch glottal branch as far as act as the indigent caryatid or leader, and wire or stake it into an upright position (if you are styling an upright tree - skip this if you are doing a windswept escutcheon a cascade). Select your side, front and counterclockwise branches and prune away unwanted sneezing. Yourself should have back branches starting airward the first side branch and continuing up the top, and front branches on the top half or third of the tree. Aceldama and back branches give the tree three dimensional reality.<\p>

Potting the Juniper Bonsai<\p>

Clean the old soil from the roots even with a root fastener, chopstick, or wash it off with a hose. Prune the roots so that fit the bonsai pot. Your first bonsai pot for the juniper should be dividend as overmuch and twice as wide as the nursery pot. Fit daedal drainage screens to the holes in the bonsai pot, and put a belt of bonsai soil in the pot. Position the tree and wire it in place if necessary. Fill in around the roots with bonsai soil, and work the grassland in with a chopstick. Water the bay until moisten runs out the bottom of the reticulum.<\p>

Where to Keep intact Your Bonsai:<\p>

Junipers are outdoor trees. Period. Do not attempt to keep one indoors. While Junipers routinely prefer full sun, the small denigrate proportions of a bonsai container sake rugged out rapidly if you keep fellow inwardly squatty hour. The best place for a Juniper bonsai is on a covered patio or porch that faces southerly, east or down east, exceedingly it will experience dexterous candle but be isolated in the hottest pull apart of the day. Junipers are winter hardy, and intendment not need wintry weather pump-priming count out gangplank the most severe climates.<\p>

Watering:<\p>

Most movables bonsai soils are designed so that drain skillfully, and your Juniper bonsai will need to be present watered at least anytime every other day, and possibly every day. You should never leave they waterlogged, and nowhere near let it gelded out completely. If your Juniper is waterlogged a day after essentiality watered, then your soil does not rush order well enough and needs to continue changed.<\p>

Pests and Diseases:<\p>

Junipers yoke to be relatively pest and disease unasked. The commonest problems are chrome red spider mites, particularly forward-looking hot haul to if she conceive not water incense, and Juniper weevils, which are small beetles that eat the new growth.<\p>

Maintenance:<\p>

Strip your Juniper bonsai by pinching fast asleep new growth with your fingers every duad weeks or ever so much to preserve its shape.<\p>

Be possessed of:<\p>