âIt is not true that human technics saves labour. For it is an essential characteristic of the personal and modifiable technics of Man, in contrast to the genus technics of animals, that every discovery contains the possibility and necessity of new discoveries, every fulfilled wish awakens a thousand more, every triumph over Nature incites to yet others. The soul of this beast of prey is ever hungry, his will never satisfied â that is the curse that lies upon this kind of life, but also the greatness inherent in its destiny. It is precisely its best specimens that know the least quiet, happiness, or enjoyment. And no discoverer has ever accurately foreseen the practical effect of his act. The more fruitful the leader's work, the greater the need of executive hands. And so, instead of killing the prisoners taken from hostile tribes, men begin to enslave them, so as to exploit their bodily strength. This is the origin of slavery, which must be precisely as old as the slavery of domestic animals.
In general, these peoples and tribes multiply, so to say, downwards. What grows is not the number of 'headsâ, but that of hands. The group of those who are leaders by nature remains small. It is, in fact, the pack of the true beasts of prey, the pack of the gifted who dispose, in one way or another, of the increasing herd of the others.
But even this lordship of the few is far removed from the ancient freedom â witness Frederick the Great's saying: 'I am the first servant of my state.â Hence the desperate efforts of the 'exceptionalâ man to keep himself inwardly free. Here, and only here, begins the individualism that is a reaction against the psychology of the mass. It is the last uprising of the carnivore soul against its captivity behind the bars of culture, the last attempt to shake off the spiritual and intellectual limitations that are produced by, and represented by, the fact of large numbers. Hence arise the types of life typified by the conqueror, the adventurer, the hermit, and even certain types of criminals and bohemians. The wished-for escape from absorption by the masses takes various forms â lordship over it, fight from it, contempt for it. The idea of personality, in its dark beginnings, is a protest against humanity in the mass, and the tension between these grows and grows to its tragic finale.
Hate, the most genuine of all race-feelings in the beast of prey, presupposes respect for the adversary. A certain recognition of like spiritual rank is inherent in it. Beings that stand lower one despises. Beings that themselves stand low are envious. All primitive folk-tales, god-myths, and hero-sagas are full of such motives. The eagle hates only his peers, envies none, despises many and indeed all. Contempt looks downwards from the heights, envy peers upwards from below âand these two are the world-historical feelings of mankind organised in state and classes, whose (forcedly) peaceful specimens helplessly ratle the bars of the cage in which they are confined together. From this fact and its consequences nothing can liberate them. So it was and so it will be â or nothing at all will be. It has a significance, this fact of respect and contempt. To alter it is impossible. The destiny of Man is pursuing its course and must accomplish itself.â - Oswald Spengler, âMan and Technics: A Contribution to a Philosophy of Lifeâ (1931) [p. 58 - 60]