#sindhu

There is a Wikipedia page for the Rivers in Hinduism, and while I haven't been able to cross-reference some of these (Wikipedia, due to the nature of contributions, has a vast number of references from books, travelogues and anecdotes written by individual authors instead of actual scripture or local sources), many others are easily verifiable and extremely interesting. I'd still advise taking this with a grain of salt, though, because some might not be extensively true.

The south gets a separate post, and this one is a list of the most prominent rivers of the north:

1, Ganga: As the major river in the plains, Ganga has quite a few myths attached to her. There is, of course, the story of how she was brought down to earth, with a detour through Patala, by Bhagiratha, and the Ramayana makes her Parvati's sister and Himavat's daughter by his wife Mainavati, daughter of Mount Meru. During the descent, she floods sage Jahnu's aashram so the sage drinks her up completely. Bhagiratha comes to entreat him, and Jahnu, realising his mistake, lets her out of his ear. This is Ganga's rebirth, and also why so many people call her Janhavi.

Another myth that is attested in the Devi Bhagwata Purana labels her as Vishnu's wife, along with Lakshmi and Saraswati. Once Saraswati accuses Ganga of trying to steal Vishnu's love. Vishnu refuses to intervene in this, but Lakshmi tries to soothe Saraswati, who becomes angrier and curses Lakshmi to be born on earth as a river (which Vishnu later alters so she is born as both the Padma(vati?) river, and the Tulsi plant). Ganga gets upset that Lakshmi got cursed defending her, and curses Saraswati to become a river, and adds on that men will wash away there sins in her waters. Saraswati gets even madder and curses Ganga to also become a river with the same conditions . Then Vishnu intervenes, and declaring he will keep only Lakshmi as his wife, and sends Saraswati to Brahma and Ganga to Shiva. Which is a hell of a thing to say when you have three wives in who were quarreling for your affection and you did not interfere. Predictably, the three of them band together and Vishnu in the end has to back down. A third part of Ganga goes to Shiva's hair, a third into Bharata, and the full part (no I don't get the math either) stays with him at Vaikuntha. Similarly, the other two remain his wives in Vaikuntha, while simultaneously being rivers and all the other things they're supposed to be.

The story of Ganga marrying Shantanu and drowning seven of their eight kids is pretty popular, but this myth has a bit of a prequel, in which everyone gets cursed. Ganga (called Janhavi in the Mahabharata, because she was reborn to the sage Jahnu) and this other Suryavamshi King are attending Brahma's court with the other gods. Suddenly, the wind blows off Ganga's clothes, and everyone averts their eyes, except the King. Brahma is furious at the disrespect and curses him to be reborn on earth as a man, and Ganga, who apparently didn't mind as much, decides to follow him. In some versions, she also gets cursed because she enjoys the act of being watched and Brahma went "get a room and the room is the earth". As she is leaving the meeting, she runs across the Vasus, who also just got cursed, and offers to help them. Nice :)

Also the Devi Bhagawata Purana makes Shantanu a part of Vishnu to retain Ganga as Vishnu's wife, which, given that both he and Krishna did their best to cause war, makes sense in a weird type of way.

The sacredness of river Ganga comes from the fact that she interacts with all the three supreme gods. The Bhagwata Purana says that when Vamana Vishnu stepped for the second time, his toenail pierced the fabric of the universe and let in the water from outside in the form of Ganga (yes, this is exactly what is written. I'm not exaggerating one bit, they even call her Vishnupadi for this). Then she passes past the Saptarshis, into Brahma's city, and afterwards Shiva picks her up and ties her in his hair so her force will not shatter the earth.

The Agni Purana depicts her as a fair-complexioned goddess with a pot and a flower, and names her vehicle the crocodile.

2. Yamuna: She is very often referred to as Kalindi in later texts, and is included among Krishna's eight principal wives, and also plays an important role in Krishna's childhood myths. By and large, her parents are accepted to be Surya and Sanjana/Saranyu, which makes her related to a bunch of Kunti's children in some really complicated ways.

[Side note: despite Indra being the King of Gods, Surya appears to have a much broader influence in the genealogy of heroes and most of his children end up being kings and queens.]

There are a few early texts that equate Yami with Yamuna, and by that metric, here is another story about her. In one version, attested in the Rig Veda, Yami wishes to marry her brother Yama and gets rejected. It sounds like a dialogue between a little sister and her big brother, because all Yami says is, "Let's get married, and we will be beautiful and happy forever!" and Yama keeps dissuading her by saying things like, "No, that is wrong, that is sinful. You're going to get a lovely husband, don't worry." And then Yami gets upset and calls him a bad brother. But there is no basis for this, I just got those vibes. This is very likely a moral and social rejection of brother-sister marriage. In her book, The Indian Theogony, Sukumari Bhattacharji speculates that Yama-Yami may have been married at some point, as a parallel to all the married brother-sister couples across mythologies who retain their opposite and comparative nature, and Yama committed adultery to avoid laying with his sister.

Cute story about Yamuna and Yama: In my culture, and possibly some others as well, we say that Yamuna gives 'phota' to her brother Yama, and all sisters do the same to the brothers on Bhai-Phota to cover Yama's doors with thorns so he will never be able to take their brothers away. I think Bhai-Dooj, Bhai-Beej and Bhratri-Dwitiya are celebrated similarly.

There is another story, and this one involves coercive intimacy, so skip to #3 if this is uncomfortable for you. In the Bhagwata Purana (and the Agni Purana mentions this in passing), a drunken Balarama spots Yamuna and beckons her to come "play" with him (we all know what that means). She refuses and ignores his calls, so he gets mad and using his plow, diverts her waters into the orchard he was standing in. Now frightened, Yamuna apologises to him and agrees to "play" with him, explaining that she was unable to recognise him as the Supreme Lord. Evidently, this is supposed to be a metaphor for divertion of canals for irrigation.

The Agni Purana depicts her as a dark-complexioned goddess with a pot, and names the tortoise as her vehicle. It also names Yamuna's mother as Rajni, mother of Revanta and daughter of Raivata, and I have no idea who this is. There is one Raivata who is the father of Revati, Balarama's wife, but as far as I was aware he had no daughters named Rajni and Revanta was Sanjana's son so... Idk what happened here. The most likely option is that this Raivata is one of the Rudras, but he could also be the mountain Raivata or the fifth Manu Raivata, because the Agni Purana also mentions all of them them.

3. Sindhu: So, Wikipedia thinks this river is a goddess, sourced from a book called Rivers of the Rigveda by J.N. Ravi. I have always heard of Sindhu being labelled masculine (along with Brahmaputra) at least in my mother tongue. The Mahabharata calls him the Devanada - an exclusively masculine epithet meaning River of the Gods. But wisdom.lib, a mostly reliable website, notes that at one point Sindhu is invited to Parvati's meeting with other goddesses where they discuss the duties of women. I couldn't find it, but then again, Ctrl+F is useless in the MB pdf so eh.

The Rig Veda also appears to refer to Sindhu as a man. I have only the english version, so the accuracy of translation is difficult to pin down, however, Sindhu is compared to a king or lord leading an army (the confluence) and a fleet-footed stallion (but I've also seen a mare translation though smh). SIndhu is also considered to "unite" with several female rivers - Gomati, Shveti etc. And then, right after, Sindhu is called "as handsome as a beautiful woman". Also he is invoked with the goddess Aditi and Saraswati a bunch of times and is listed with the "Goddess Floods". So make of that what you will. Maybe Sindhu is a god who sometimes looks androgynous. Or he is trans as well. Or enby. Or something else. Idk.

Also in one version of Rig Veda I came across Sindhu being called the Dragon of the Deep and I think that's the coolest thing I've read while searching up the rivers.

Varuna is credited with charting out the river Sindhu's course, is very often invoked right before Sindhu, and is also said to glorify Sindhu (Mahabharata, Sabha Parva) so it is safe to say Varuna really likes him.

Interestingly, although he is supposed to be hailed before a battle or a sacrifice, Sindhu's chariot is said to perform no violent deeds. Whether this means the Sindhu river never flooded in those days* or something else, I am not very sure, but quite a few kings of the Bharata lineage sheltered in the Sindhu basin when attacked, so make of that what you will.

*This would be very strange because a) the Sindhu nowadays floods pretty often and b) Sindhu is also called "of the [mighty] floods" a bunch of times. His other epithet is "Sindhu with the path of gold" so it could also mean that Sindhu is a bounteous and fertile river.

It is likely that the region around the Sindhu River was known as Sapta Sindhu, after the seven sacred rivers - Sindhu, Vitasta (Jhelum), Asikli (Chenab/Chandrabhaga), Parushni (possibly Iravati, i.e. Ravi), Vipasha/Arjikiya (Beas), Shatadru (Sutlej) and Sarasvati.