#sheephead

Fish curiosity, in my inbox?? It's more likely than I think, apparently! xD

First off, there's actually multiple fish dubbed 'sheephead'! There's the sheepshead- note the extra S in there- and they look like this:

And yes those are their teeth. Horrifying tbh, but they're very good at what they do- crushing invertebrates and other shelled snacks! They're an Atlantic species that sticks to temperate and warmer waters, and they max out at about half a meter in length.

That's not the fish we're talking about today. The focus of today is the California sheephead wrasse- note the lack of a second S- also known as the 'sheephead' for short. Not confusing at all! We definitely don't bash our heads into walls over the naming conventions and lack of record-keeping of our scientist predecessors.

THIS is the sheephead wrasse, the species of the lovely and now Tumblr-famous Red! :D With a length of up to a FULL meter, they're a whole different size class of fish! They can be found along the west coast USA from the Baja Peninsula all the way up to Monterey, and dwell almost exclusively in kelp forests and nearby environments. I will use one of Red's pics as an example of female coloration-

The lighting isn't great but you can see how her body is streamlined, and besides the white underside of the jaw, has a salmon-pink coloration! Females can be pink or a dull silver-beige. And much like other large marine wrasse, MALES have a drastically different appearance.

This thing is built like a damn tank!! Sheephead are a species of wrasse that shift colors to gain those striking black scales and physically bulk up when becoming males- because guess what? ALL OF THEM ARE BORN FEMALE! By default, all male California Sheephead are FTM trans :) They use that bulky head and extremely tough set of jaws to not only hunt their preferred prey- mollusks, gastropods, and bivalves, etc- but also to bash and chomp down on rival males. This one has won many battles, look at that scarred up muzzle!

The sex change is determined by several factors, as it's not guaranteed all sheephead will eventually become males. Because sheephead school in a harem system- many females to very few males- in order to maximize pressure of stronger offspring, the biggest and healthiest sheephead male will drive out competition from the school. Naturally, a sheephead that lives longer and gains a greater size will have a much higher chance of shifting from a female to a male, if the conditions are right. Stress induced from competition can suppress the hormones that stimulate this transition in females, so they're less likely to gain size and shift from female to male if there's already strong competition taking place. However, in the event there are too few males to mate with the females, or no males present at all, the biggest female will start transitioning to fill the empty slot! It's a long process that can take as few as a couple months, or up to years, depending on resources available.

Conversely, if there are TOO MANY males, they can revert back into females! This process also takes a long time, and is a lot more rare to witness, especially because right now male California sheephead in particular are being spear-fished into becoming an Endangered species :c Sheephead adult males in good condition are considered a trophy animal in spear-fishing and similar marine trophy hunting off the West coast, and because males in particular are being targeted, the gene pool is being reduced when it wrecks the harem structure of schools.

As a fun fact- they're also an incredibly smart fish, and can form relationships with humans, as demonstrated with me and sweetiepie Red cx There's many documented cases of large marine wrasses forming long-term friendships with divers! Here's a humphead wrasse that made friends with a diver she learned would crack snails open for her with a hammer:

Today's fish of the day is the California sheephead!

The California sheephead, as some of you who have been here since the early days will know, happens to be the first ever fish I wrote about for fish of the day back in January 2022! Known by the scientific name Bodianus pulcher, (formerly Semicossyphus), this fish is a species of wrasse in the Pacific. Found along the coast of California and Mexico, stretching from Monterey Bay California to the Gulf of California. They live along the kelp forests common in this area. Although, there are populations living along rocky reefs and sandy seabed areas. The fish are highly territorial over their home, and only settle in a very small refuge area, which they protect. These areas and the cycle of migration with the California sheephead are shaped almost entirely by light levels, as they travel between a refuge area and a foraging area throughout the day, and then when spawning these fish travel to a breeding area. This is why some issues have arisen due to overspilling light pollution by humans.

Their diet consists primarily of sea urchins, although they also prey on crustaceans, mollusks, and other fish. Their role in the ecosystem of kelp forests can not be understated, which is why the overfishing of them by humans is such a problem. This is because the overabundance of urchin in an area can decimate entire kelp forests at a rate of 30 feet a month in herds. Their diet of urchins allows these fish to get as large as 3 ft in length. Despite their large size, these fish are regularly predated on, primarily by sharks in the area. The California sheephead can warn other fish in the area of their plight however, damage released chemical cues come forth once the skin is ruptured, informing other fish in the area. These chemical cues are not always perfect however, as fish infested with parasites reduces reliability of these cues.

California sheephead, as like many wrasse, are born female and can morph into functional males throughout their lifespan, called Protogynous sex change. This change is moderated by a steroid hormone, and is undertaken by the largest and best fed individuals in an area. Sheephead are hermic spawners, and males have a group of females of which they protect and breed with. When the male for a group of females passes away, the largest female will morph into a male form and take the role. This can take anywhere between 2 weeks or several months. The mating season for these fish is between June and September, and the male will lead all his females in a circular pattern, releasing eggs and sperm. Females during this time can release as many as 130,000 to 375,000 eggs in a day, which will hatch into planktonic larvae. They will continue life as larvae for  34 to 78 days, before settling in a shallow reef and growing as normal. By the time they reach an age of 4 and a size of 10 inches, the fish are ready to spawn, although this is variable between populations. These fish can live upwards for 20 years in the wild, and as long as 50 in captivity, living through tens of breeding seasons, and producing hundreds of children.

That's the California sheephead everyone! Have a wonderful day

this guy is sooo freaky looking i respect it

asian sheephead wrasse for you!