#sand casting

Sehat Effectors - Bloom Bender

Silver sand cast heirloom keys

Do you know difference between lost wax casting and sand casting? and lost wax casting advantages and disadvantages?

Al 64, Cu 36 (wt%), hypereutectic alloy

Processing: Sand cast [...] Sample preparation: Etched in sodium hydroxide solution Technique: Reflected light microscopy Length bar: 400 μm Further information: When the composition of the alloy exceeds the eutectic, as in this hypereutectic sample, the initial dendrites that form are of CuAl2. The remaining liquid transforms to the eutectic at the eutectic temperature. Contributor: Prof T W Clyne Organisation: Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge

Typography Tuesday

DID GUTENBERG INVENT THE PUNCH AND MATRIX SYSTEM?

It is very broadly agreed that Johann Gutenberg’s 1454/55 42-line Bible represents the earliest extant example of a complete book produced by using the new invention of moveable type. It has been further agreed that in order for Gutenberg to mass produce each letter form, he must have used replica casting to achieve consistency, and to do this, it has been generally assumed that Gutenberg invented the punch and matrix system of letter-casting. Yet, documentation for such a system does not appear until the 1470s.

As one can see from our facsimile of the Mazarin Library copy of the Bible (published in Paris in two volumes with two volumes of commentary texts by Éditions Les Incunables in 1985), it seems clear that by the mid 1450s Gutenberg had perfected his techniques well enough to produce this exquisitely-printed artifact (the decoctive initials, however, are all completed by hand, as was the practice throughout the period of incunabula). But if you look very closely at these pages (click on the images for a better view), you will note that no two letters from the same page are exactly the same, which would not be the case if the letters had been cast from the same mold. If they were, they'd be identical. As a close-up example, we also present a series of a’s taken from the first 11 lines of the Bible which we found on the internet. Yet, identical repetitions of these individual letters can be found on other pages, which suggests that the same types were reused.

These discrepancies had been noted as early as the 18th century, but Princeton special collections librarian and printing historian Paul Needham and 1998 Princeton physics graduate Blaise Agüera y Arcas conducted experiments on Gutenberg’s types in 2001 using sophisticated digital imaging software and made some startling discoveries.

Zak Kitnick (American, b.1984)

exhibit title: Craftsman by Sears at Kmart - 2018

selection of reverse engineered metal relief plates of Craftsman tools, colored

Adjustable Wrench 3-Ways

Single Small Scraper

Single Small Screwdriver

Double Hammer

Saw Diptych

Single Specialty Pliers

Needle Nose Pliers 3-Ways

Bolt Cutters Diptych

Double Saw

Screwdriver 3-Ways

2015: Zak Kitnick goes to the Kmart at Astor Place in New York and buys one of each hand tool that is available.

“89 Hanger” by OAO Works