"'WOOD FOR WAR, SPEED UP' BURWASH INMATES' SLOGAN," Toronto Star. January 12, 1943. Page 17.
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Work Almost Unsupervised at Some Jobs, But Timber Keeps Rolling
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"FELL TREE ON DIME"
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Special to The Star
Burwash. Jan. 12 - Even an offender against society can help win the war, inmates of the Ontario Industrial Farm here have decided. Entirely of their own volition, but with the co-operation of guards, overseers and the farm superintendent. W. L. McJannet, more than 500 men are going "all out" in producing lumber and other supplies for war purposes.
Pine and spruce lumber, perhaps bound for the wings or fuselages of Allied Nations' airplanes, and shingles for the roofs of army camps are being produced in record quantities. Many of the workmen have been sentenced to terms of two years less one day for various offences. Some are "in" for robbery: some for assault, car theft and a score of other crimes. Some have never worked in the bush before, but have quickly learned how to fell a tree "on a dime" and will be skilled workmen when they leave.
To prove this, Mr. McJannet escorted a Star reporter and photographer through the lumbering operations. It was 26 below zero. Photographer Fred Davis saw 75-foot red pine along the side of the bush road.
"That would make a nice picture, if the tree has to come done down," said he to George Arcand, "woods boss." "They'll drop it on a dime," Arcand replied, calling to two rather small axemen "I've heard that, but don't believe it," the reporter chipped in.
"Got a dime?" asked Arcand. "I you have, put it in the road." The dime was produced and its location marked by a twig. In less time than it takes to write. the tree fell squarely across the 10-cent piece. It was almost incredible, but it was done.
Inmates Proud of Record
The spirit of the inmates was mentioned frequently by Mr. McJannet; by Sergt. W. G. Magill, and by Ted Owens, foreman of the planing mill and carpenter shop. Burwash is very proud of its record production of planed lumber for the timber controller.
Hon. O. Hipel, provincial secretary, received request from Ottawa for a large shipment of planed lumber, fast. Mr. McJannet said the job "might" be done in the time stipulated. Mr. McJannet, a cautious Scot, issued instructions. The guards brought extra gangs into the mill and put operations on a 24-hour basis. The night shift would have spent an hour going to and from the dining-room to eat.
"Somehow they found out this was a war order and had to be done in a hurry," said Mr. McJannet. "Nobody gave them any pep talks. We served them coffee, and sandwiches. The order was completed on time. There was no beefing about the speed-up."
"I heard a lot of the fellows talking," said Ted Owen. "They said if they had to be at a prison farm they might just as well do what they could to further the war effort. If you'll look into the shingle mill you'll see fellows working their heads off, with only cursory supervision, because they know the shingles will go to war plants."
Not Conventional Prison
Burwash isn't the conventional type of prison with high walls. Instead, there is a main camp with outlying camps three to four miles away where lumbering operations are carried on. At the main camp, a dairy and beef herd is operated. There are sheep and pigs. The farm operates its own laundry, bakery, tailor shop, heating plant. Inmates take the place of city "maids" for the staff. They do a good job, too, for the houseman's job is regarded as a sinecure.
One package of tobacco - cigarette, pipe or chewing - is supplied every four days. Every second issue day, the inmate receives cigarette papers. There are radios in all corridors and dormitories. There is an excellent library, and the inmate is permitted to receive his hometown paper - but only direct from the publisher. This is to prevent smuggling of forbidden articles.
As a result of the food, regular hours and outside work, the men put on weight and leave in much better physical condition.
At the "Camp Five dinner shack," where Mr. McJannet took The Star party for lunch, the meal consisted of hot soup, baked ham, cabbage, potatoes, gravy, bread pudding, jam "turnovers" and hot tea. "The men can take as much food as they like at tbe serving, but must eat every bit of it," the superintendent pointed out. "If I ate a meal like that," Mr. McJannet said, "it would probably kill me."
"Me too." chimed in reporter and photographer.
Water Freezes Near Fire
A pail of drinking water less than four feet from a tremendous bonfire was slowly freezing over, but the men really didn't appear to mind the cold. They were dressed in the farm uniform of heavy rubbers, socks, heavy underwear, blue overalls worn, in some cases, over heavy wool trousers, mackinaw coats and heavy caps.
Of 22 escape attempts last year, the staff and outside police had a 100 per cent. record of recaptures. "One man got as far as Hamilton," said Mr. McJannet ruefully. "He never should have got out of reach of our own staff. Anyway, you can't really call them escapes. There is little to stop an inmate from getting off the farm. We have some men who go out in the morning on specific jobs, without supervision, do their eight hours' work and then come back at night. If they wanted to make a break, they'd have plenty of time, but they realize they wouldn't get very far."
Get Training for Trades
In the main carpenter shop, a middle-aged inmate was turning out whiffletrees on a lathe. Another was making, by hand, a lectern for use at the Sunday services.
"We try to educate the men rather than punish them," said Mr. McJannet. "For instance, last year we had some men who wanted to learn something about engineering. Through the co-operation of the department of labor, three got fourth-class certificates and two were given third class tickets. The training here will make them of value outside. We encourage the inmates to use the library as much as possible, and they can get special text books."
About 60 horses are used in the. lumbering operations, and they are prime pets. The men and teams work in such close harmony that the teams actually aren't driven but obey spoken commands. At lunch time, not until their charges are carefully blanketed and fed do the men line up.
"Occasionally we do strap prisoner for infractions of the rules," Mr. McJannet said, "but the 'hole' exists only in the imagination." It is merely a section of a corridor barred off from the main portion. It contains five or six cells, the same as all others in the building.
Trucking of logs from the lumbering operations has not yet commenced, but back in the bush, horses and tower-like structures known as "deckers" are used to pile the timber like cordwood in a farm backyard.
Mr. McJannet at one point picked up an axe head with part of its broken handle still protruding, from a fire. "Why hasn't this been sent back to the carpenter shop for repair?" he asked the youthful user.
"We can do a better job of repairing it right here, as soon as the old handle burns out, and we'd save time," the youth replied.
"That's a good argument. Carry on." said Mr. McJannet.
Image captions, from top to bottom:
1. More than 500 men; inmates of the Ontario Industrial Farm at Burwash; are producing lumber and other supplies for war purposes. The men can fell tree like the one shown above on a dime.
Toronto Star Photograph Archive, Toronto Public Library, TSPA_0011269F.
2. The song of the saw rings out in the bush country around Burwash as inmates cut felled trees into desired lengths. These men are using a measuring stick attached to the log to determine length. [In fact, they are sawing it - the caption is wrong in both the original newspaper story and the archival photo repository.]
Toronto Star Photograph Archive, Toronto Public Library, TSPA_0011268F.
3. Trails wind throughout the bush country where the men put forth their efforts on a regular production schedule. Here is a trail being rolled to help facilitate transportation. Pine and spruce lumber; perhaps bound for war construction projects; more over trails in record quantities. Burwash is very proud of its production of planed lumber for the timber controller.
Toronto Star Photograph Archive, Toronto Public Library, TSPA_0011267F.
4. Logs are stacked neatly in rows throughout cutting areas and are later moved to the railway for shipment to war production centres. The inmates work on this bush work entirely of their own volition; but with co-operation of guards; overseas and the farm superintendent; W. L. McJannet. Meals are wholesome and the men put on weight while engaged in this work.
Toronto Star Photograph Archive, Toronto Public Library, TSPA_0011266F.
5. Men who were inexperienced at this work a few months ago are now proving themselves expert woodsmen as they pile lumber stocks to help fight for freedom. The men are here shown skidding logs to be piled.
[AL: Pure carceral propaganda, in which assertions of lack of brutality and happy inmates working hard are belied by escapes and the reality that inmates were only willing to do hard work when it turned out to be a war contract. This story is also revealing of how dependent much of the Canadian economy was on forced or unfree labour. The pulp and paper industry had been demanding Prisonrs of War for use in lumber camps. Burwash was, at this point, the Siberia of the Ontario prison system, located in isolation even from nearby Sudbury. Most prisoners served less than two years (provincial time being two years less a day) though some were serving a combination of determinate and indeterminate sentences equal to three or four years - longer than time in a penitentiary. Although a good percentage of the incarcerated population were from Northern Ontario, Burwash was used by the Department of Reform Institutions for holding more 'hardened' individuals who had many previous terms in federal and provincial prisons or were disciplinary issues at the Guelph Reformatory. The 'Reformatory Moment' of Ontario prisons - the use of large amounts of forced labour on farm, lumbering, and industrial work with minimal security and inmate self-policing - was close to coming to an end in 1943. It would be shattered in 1947-1948 by riots and strikes at Burwash and elsewhere, and the resultant backlash.]