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Derangements of Sodium Homeostasis in Acute Infantile Diarrhea by Ismail E Haffejee in Research in Pediatrics & Neonatology: Homeostasis

The majority of infants with acute diarrhea have isonatraemic dehydration, where the serum sodium (Na) concentration is within the normal range of 135 to 150 mEq/L. They respond well to both oral and intravenous (IV) rehydration, the latter usually as half strength Darrow’s solution which has a Na concentration of 65 mEq/L. Intravenous solutions with higherosmolalities such as Ringer lactate, half-normal saline or even normal saline can safely be used to treat infants showing signs of severe dehydration with or without shock. Clinical signs of dehydration will not be discussed in this paper.

https://crimsonpublishers.com/rpn/fulltext/RPN.000530.php

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Development of Pericardial Calcification with Cortical Nephrocalcinosis in a Preterm Infant: A Case Report by Parth Sheth in Research in Pediatrics & Neonatology: Pericardial

Background: Cortical nephrocalcinosis is a rare form of nephrocalcinosis in affected premature infants. Calcified pericardium with cortical nephrocalcinosis in a premature and very low birth weight infant is an unusual finding of metastatic calcification.

Case Presentation: We report the case of a 23 week 600g premature female infant with cortical nephrocalcinosis with an unusual metastatic calcification of the pericardium. The infant was born to a multigravida mother and was initially admitted for very low gestational age and birth weight, prematurity, and respiratory distress. The patient developed severe renal failure and other severe complications during the duration of intensive care of 126 days.

Conclusion: The etiologies of neonatal cortical nephrocalcinosis are numerous. The most contributory reason for developing nephrocalcinosis in premature infants is an underdeveloped renal tubular system. Calcified pericardium with cortical nephrocalcinosis is an uncommon manifestation of metastatic calcification in a premature infant. It is important to find and to manage the underlying cause for the calcification before other major organs are involved.

https://crimsonpublishers.com/rpn/fulltext/RPN.000528.php

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For more articles in open access journal of  Pericardial

Although most of the pregnancies are uneventful and have low or no complications, there are pregnancies that have complications that need attention. It is always better to be careful and alert about any distress or discomfort you feel and consult your doctor. Some of the complications that you may feel during pregnancy are:

Anemia: Some women get anemic while pregnant. It means that their red blood cells (RBCs) count reduces. Red blood cells are cells in your blood that have hemoglobin in them. Their main role is to carry oxygen from your heart to the rest of your body – your brain, your muscles, your skin, etc. While a baby is growing inside the womb, the body requires making more blood, which in turn requires plenty of iron, vitamin B12 and folate to make all the extra hemoglobin needed. This causes a deficiency of blood, thus causing anemia.

Bleeding: Bleeding during early days of pregnancy is normal and is called ‘spotting’. It is due to the implantation of the fetus in uterus lining. Other than this vaginal bleeding may be a sign of serious complication and must be consulted with a doctor immediately.

Miscarriage: It is the loss of a pregnancy in the first 20 weeks. It happens mostly due to problems with chromosomes in genes. It may also be due to infection, fibroids in the uterus or short cervix.

Ectopic pregnancy: It is the development of the fetus outside of the uterus. This can happen in the fallopian tubes, cervical canal, or the pelvic or abdominal cavity (belly). The cause of an ectopic pregnancy is usually scar tissue in the fallopian tube from infection or disease.

Placental problems: There may be problems with placenta like low lying placenta or placenta abruption which often leads to premature delivery.

Changes in cervix: The cells on the cervix often change in pregnancy and make it more likely to bleed, particularly after sex. It is harmless. Vaginal infection also leads to bleeding.

Preeclampsia: It is characterized by pregnancy-induced high blood pressure, protein in the urine, and swelling due to fluid retention. Symptoms may include severe swelling of the hands and face, high blood pressure, headache, dizziness, irritability, decreased urine output, abdominal (belly) pain, and blurred vision.

Amniotic fluid complications: The amniotic sac fills with fluid that protects and supports your developing baby. Too much or too little amniotic fluid in the sac around the fetus may be a sign of a problem with the pregnancy. In both cases, preterm delivery is done by a doctor.

Gestational diabetes: Gestational diabetes only happens during pregnancy. It means you have high blood sugar levels, but those levels were normal before you were pregnant and goes away once you deliver the baby. During pregnancy, the placenta makes hormones that can lead to increase in glucose levels in your blood. Usually, the pancreas can make enough insulin to handle that. If not, your blood sugar levels will rise and can cause gestational diabetes.

Premature labor and birth: If you start having regular contractions that cause your cervix to begin to dilate or thin out (efface) before you reach 37 weeks of pregnancy, you're in preterm or premature labor. When a baby is delivered before 37 weeks, it's called a preterm birth and the baby is considered premature. Preterm birth can cause health problems or even be fatal for the baby if it happens too early. The more mature a child is at birth, the more likely he is to survive and be healthy.