#photonicquantum

Israeli Tower Semiconductor news

The Canadian quantum firm Xanadu and semiconductor manufacturer Tower Semiconductor have expanded their photonic quantum hardware relationship. This expanded alliance aims to bring quantum designs from lab to factory. Tower's silicon photonics technology is helping both companies design a fault-tolerant material stack. This strategic cooperation improves integrated photodiodes and low-loss circuits' performance and scalability. The joint venture provides the industrial base for large-scale, commercial quantum computers. This development shows the quantum industry's maturity as mass production approaches.

The two companies had a history of successful “tapeouts” and technological synergy before the announcement. The teams tested and improved Xanadu's sophisticated photonic designs in Tower Semiconductor's process early on to prepare for commercial-scale manufacturing.

A Unique Quantum Hardware Manufacturing Process

This relationship is built on co-engineering a manufacturing flow for Xanadu's proprietary material stack. This stack's architecture compatibility and manufacturing alignment ensure quantum systems' scalability and performance as complexity rises.

By applying these advances to a high-volume foundry, the partners are addressing the quantum industry's largest challenge: moving from lab prototypes to large-scale, manufacturable information processing devices. Christian Weedbrook, Xanadu's founder and CEO, said this relationship has been “instrumental” in developing their technology from early concepts to prototypes and demonstration systems.

Weedbrook said, “We are laying the groundwork for a truly useful quantum computer by fusing Tower's world-class technology and manufacturing expertise with our architectural breakthroughs, fabrication process engineering, and design innovations.”

Tech Focus: Integrated Photodiodes and Ultra-Low Loss Silicon Nitride

Current development efforts focus on optimizing photonic circuit components, which are their building elements. Teams concentrate on:

Silicon nitride (SiN) with ultra-low loss: Essential for quantum signal integrity during circuit transmission. The quantum system needs integrated photodiodes for high-performance measurement and detection.

Xanadu can test its unique designs on a platform that produces large volumes by using standard product processes to make these components. Tower Semiconductor's RF Business Unit vice president and general manager Dr. Ed Preisler calls Xanadu's architecture one of the most scalable.

Preisler added that this agreement verifies Tower's silicon photonics platform's wide spectrum of high-tech applications in data centers, telecommunications, and automotive, beyond quantum computing.

Global Reach of Tower Semiconductor

The connection benefits from Tower Semiconductor's global infrastructure. Tower, a leading analog solution foundry, provides process platforms for industrial, medical, mobile, aerospace, and military applications. Integrated power management, MEMS, SiPho, SiGe, BiCMOS, and CMOS image sensors are among their technologies.

The company has a robust production site network for multi-fab sourcing and expanded capacity for foreign customers:

Israel has one 200mm facility.

Two US 200mm facilities exist.

Japan: 51% TPSCo shareholding authorizes two 200mm and 300mm facilities.

Italy: STMicroelectronics shares Agrate's 300mm factory.

Xanadu's Mission and Software Leadership

After starting in 2016, Xanadu has become a quantum hardware and software leader. The Canadian business aims to create viable, global quantum computers.

In addition to Tower Semiconductor's hardware, Xanadu is a major quantum software player. The company developed PennyLane, a popular open-source application and quantum computing library. Xanadu is a full-stack leader in fault-tolerant quantum computing, focusing on software accessibility and hardware scalability.

Future-focused goals

Tower Semiconductor and Xanadu's alliance is well-positioned to meet the strict manufacturability demands of the next decade as the quantum sector transitions to commercial devices. The press release includes safe harbor statements about the risks and uncertainties of making such forward-looking predictions, but the current trajectory suggests that photonic quantum circuits will eventually be as efficient and reliable as analog semiconductors.

Quantum computing is at a key phase as hardware developers shift from lab to commercial scale. MicroAlign, a Dutch photonics company, got €2.5 million (approximately $3 million USD) from the European Innovation Council (EIC) Accelerator, a major milestone for the European deep-tech economy.

This crucial funding infusion accelerates ultra-high-precision fiber array industrialization. This includes an acceleration grant and possible equity investment. The next generation of photonic quantum computers will use these materials as a “building block”.

Solving Quantum Hardware's "Hidden Bottleneck"

As quantum technology goes from research to early commercial usage, “hidden” supply chain hurdles are emerging. Advanced photonic packaging is crucial. Unlike electrical computers, photonic quantum systems encode and transfer quantum information using photons. These devices require accurate photon steering into and out of quantum processors.

This requirement creates a major engineering challenge between integrated photonic circuitry and optical fibers. Fiber arrays, which contain multiple optical fibers in well organized patterns, connect photonic chips to external optical systems. There is minimal space for error. Even nanoscale misalignments at these connecting points can cause significant photon losses. These losses reduce quantum signals and decrease computing accuracy and qubit coherence, preventing reliable quantum operations.

Beyond Telecom Standards

The industry's fundamental issue is that typical alignment solutions, developed for data communications and telecommunications, are no longer sufficient. These typical passive assemblies often lack the positional precision needed for quantum-scale processes. Even a tiny signal loss in a quantum system can degrade computing fidelity.

MicroAlign, a 2021 Eindhoven University of Technology spin-off, solves this challenge with patented micro-manipulation technology. Micro-actuators instead of static components align optical fibers nanometer-scale in MicroAlign. This active approach enables ultra-low-loss optical connection between fiber arrays and photonic devices, which preserves quantum states.

Miniaturization and High-Density Interconnects: 2026 Roadmap

Part of its ambitious technical ambition for the 2026 product cycle, MicroAlign wants to shrink its alignment platform. Our goal is to create high-accuracy fiber arrays with channel pitches as small as 127 μm.

This density breakthrough should change hardware design. By shortening channel distances, quantum computing manufacturers can fit more optical channels into chip-scale systems. This should boost system performance, efficiency, and scalability. Optical-coupling loss targets < 0.5 dB across multi-channel interfaces are increasingly considered essential for high-performance systems.

Industrializing High-Volume Production Supply Chain

Although a specialized research setup can achieve exact alignment, the EIC award aims to move this technology into high-volume production. Thousand-fiber array photonic quantum computers are expected to be implemented. To fulfill demand, MicroAlign will automate most of their production workflow with EIC Accelerator financing.

The company wants to move from pilot-scale to automated high-volume manufacture to meet the needs of hardware developers scaling their systems in the coming years. As fault-tolerant systems become more common, hardware supply chains must be reliable and flexible.

Strategic Asset for Global Ecosystem

MicroAlign's technology affects more than quantum computing. Other high-end photonic domains requiring precise fiber-to-chip integration include:

Optical MEMS switches

Selective wavelength switching

Platforms for optical amplification

Signal loss reduction across multi-channel interfaces determines performance in these domains. MicroAlign has also contributed to European quantum innovation cooperation by improving fiber-to-chip coupling for dispersed quantum nodes.

To 2029 and Beyond

The EIC Accelerator prize helped MicroAlign set ambitious long-term goals. By 2029, the company will provide optical connection for a large portion of the photonic quantum industry.

If MicroAlign becomes the dominant infrastructure supplier, it could affect several scientific and industrial fields. Quantum computing capacity is expected to boost materials research, AI, and drug development. Industrializing scalable photonic packaging may also open new doors in integrated optical systems, sensing, and telecommunications.

University of Vienna News

Researchers at the University of Vienna have developed a new measuring method that can instantaneously validate quantum technologies, which could speed up the development of next-generation secure communication networks and quantum computing.

The challenge of quantum state certification has slowed global progress in developing scalable and reliable quantum systems. Philip Walther of the University of Vienna for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ) and Faculty of Physics led the team to certify delicate quantum states without destroying them.

Fundamental Quantum Paradox

To understand the significance of this revelation, one must understand the quantum universe's “fragility”. Entanglement is necessary for quantum sensors, communication systems, and computers. These fragile phases can be quickly disturbed by noise or even observing.

The claim that quantum physics is characterized by measuring a quantum system usually affects or destroys its state. Engineers face a difficult dilemma: how can they verify a system's functionality without jeopardizing its benefits?

Traditional verification methods like quantum state tomography are resource-intensive. These procedures require many “copies” of the quantum system to undergo innumerable measurements. The demand for these copies grows exponentially with system size and complexity.

Since standard techniques measure and eliminate duplicates, quantum states are left for calculations and secure data transmission. As quantum technology moves from lab to business, this “verification bottleneck” is a major challenge.

Breakthrough: Non-Destructive Sampling

To overcome these limitations, the Vienna-based research team, led by Lee Rozema, Michael Antesberger, and Mariana Schmid, sampled a portion of the produced quantum states instead of measuring them.

Active optical switches are the major innovation. These switches allow the group to randomly deliver quantum states to a “user” for quantum work or a “verifier” for certification. “The use of active optical switches is essential to the practical implementation of this protocol,” explains Lee Rozema.

High-quality switches work as fast as photons without changing the quantum state. By verifying sample randomness, the verifier can use statistical methods to verify the user's remaining, unmeasured states. This procedure destroys only the measured sample; all other samples are released in real time for quantum operations.

Real-Time Security and Monitoring

Real-time functionality is a key element of this new protocol. Certification used to involve long post-analysis and large datasets “offline.” Continuous verification during system use is possible with this unique approach.

This capability allows real-time error detection and performance monitoring, which ensures quantum network integrity. Quantum communication encryption requires consistent entangled particle creation. These states could degrade unobserved, compromising security; real-time verification ensures system reliability.

The protocol is more resilient for “real-world scenarios” since it disproves the assumption that all states produced by must be the same. Additionally, it allows device-independent certification. This means the certification is valid even if an attacker controls the measuring devices.

Lab-to-Market Gap Bridge

Governments and tech companies spend billions on quantum research, making verification without damaging operational states a “cornerstone” of next-generation systems.

The researchers list many major benefits of their method:

Efficiency and Scalability: Mariana Schmid says the approach has “optimal scalability” and greatly reduces certification resources.

Faster Innovation: Because the technology is “minimally invasive,” researchers may test and improve gadgets without needing to reset or recreate delicate conditions, speeding up trial cycles.

Industrial Confidence: This technique may increase business trust in production-grade quantum devices, helping makers meet market reliability standards.

A Quantum Internet Foundation

This discovery is considered a “decisive step” toward future large-scale quantum networks. Future quantum computers will include millions of qubits over interconnected architectures and require ongoing certification that doesn't slow computation.

Philip Walther believes this development will enable more reliable quantum communication networks and photonic quantum computers. He says this will be “crucial for benchmarking” the distributed nodes of a quantum internet to maintain communication quality over vast distances.

Researchers Solve Telecom C-Band Single-Photon Indistinguishability 90% Issues

Deterministic Single-photon sources

The University of Stuttgart and Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg have built deterministic single photon sources, advancing quantum communications. For the first time, a solid-state emitter at the essential telecommunications C-band has exceeded a 91.7% photon indistinguishability barrier, closing the performance gap between on-demand sources and their probabilistic equivalents.

The Ideal Photon Search

“Quantum Internet” demands the ability to produce 100% identical, “indistinguishable” photons on demand. Long-distance quantum networking protocols and quantum logic gates use two-photon interference, which requires this characteristic.

Researchers have generally had two source options. Probabilistic spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) sources emit high-quality, indistinguishable photons at random times. This randomness makes scaling systems with dozens of photons, such photonic quantum computing, nearly hard.

However, semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are deterministic “artificial atoms” that release one photon every laser pulse. Despite their success at shorter wavelengths (780 nm to 960 nm), the scientific community has struggled to obtain great indistinguishability in the telecom C-band (about 1550 nm).

Starting the Revolution

The Nico Hauser, Matthias Bayerbach, and Stefanie Barz study team used a specific device architecture to overcome these challenges. Indium arsenide (InAs) quantum dot in InAlGaAs cladding is the source. A circular Bragg grating (CBG) resonator with the quantum dot increased photon output and reduced environmental decoherence. In Nature Communications, the researchers noted that optimum growth reduces dephasing time while incorporation into the CBG resonator reduces excitonic durations. Ternary digital alloying improved crystal quality and structural refinement.

Meeting 90% Benchmark

The study's most notable result is 91.7 ± 0.2% two-photon interference visibility. This value, much higher than past estimates of 72% for comparable devices, sets a new bar for C-band spectral spectrum indistinguishability.

To reach this result, the researchers meticulously examined four laser excitation systems:

Excitation over the band gap: 800 nm pumping. Incoherent excitation with LA-phonon assistance: Blue-tuned from resonance.

Pumping 1404.2 nm is resonance #1.

Pumping 1498.2 nm is resonance #2.

The LA-phonon-assisted excitation approach achieved the maximum indistinguishability and lowest multi-photon emission probability with a second-order autocorrelation value (g(2)(τ=0)) of 0.017 ± 0.001. The researchers attributed this success to the shortest excitonic lifespan under this stimulation mode, which decreases noise exposure.

Moving toward real-world implementation

Telecom C-band selection is not random. This wavelength range is the norm for silicon-based integrated photonics and modern fiber-optic networks since it loses the least signal. To enable scalable quantum technologies, the team showed that deterministic sources can match probabilistic SPDC sources in photon quality.

These devices must overcome difficulties before being deployed in commercial networks. Despite good photon quality, the current setup's efficiency is just 0.5% (adjusted to 2.1% with setup losses). The researchers found that blinking—when the quantum dot randomly stops emitting—is the greatest constraint with a blinking-related efficiency of 26.9%.

Significant Turning Point

The study is a “key milestone” that makes solid-state emitters suitable for photonic quantum networking despite efficiency issues. The authors noted that our findings are crucial to scalable quantum dots-based photonic quantum devices that integrate on-demand operation with exceptional photon quality.

Photonic Quantum Computers Present Robust Berry's Phase with Simple Linear Optics

Quantum physicists using photonic quantum computers and linear optical operations have proven Berry's phase, advancing robust quantum processing. Durham University academics Steven Abel, Iwo Wasek, and Simon Williams created a framework to observe this basic geometric quantum event. This paradigm may enable more accurate quantum technologies by eliminating inaccuracies.

Berry's phase, a subtle geometric aspect of quantum system growth, has considerable potential for quantum processing. This impact has proved hard to mimic historically. In their study, the team developed a CVQC method to simulate charged particles in shifting fields. The Quandella Ascella platform enabled this successful trial.

Geometric Robustness with Continuous Variables

Continuous-variable quantum computing (CVQC) uses light's continuous properties to simulate quantum field theory, which explains fundamental particles and forces. Traditional quantum computers use discrete bits, while CVQC may reflect real-time dynamics in complicated quantum systems. Qumode, Perceval, and Strawberry Fields simplify CVQC calculations.

The continuous-variable approach recreates Berry's phase, a geometric phenomenon observed in charged particles with orbital angular momentum (OAM) that fluctuate with magnetic fields. Even if it is fully CVQC, the formulation must use only passive linear-optical methods. Only beam splitters and phase shifters are used in the simulation. These linear optical components work the same way in single-photon photonic designs, ensuring compatibility with current photonic quantum computers and enabling fault-tolerant and scalable quantum systems.

Simulation models the time-dependent Hamiltonian of a charged particle in a magnetic field. Using the Wigner function, a mathematical representation of quantum states, ensures simulation validity.

Experimental Validation and Phase Isolation Researchers successfully tested the algorithm on Quandella Ascella. Berry's phase was observed using interferometry.

The researchers built quantum states representing particles with orbital angular momentum to verify their predictions. Simulated the slow (adiabatic) evolution of a time-varying magnetic field. Scientists detected the quantum state's induced phase shift to separate the Berry phase from the dynamical phase that develops up throughout system evolution.

The “doughnut state”—the lowest energy state—was carefully researched due to its density profile. The orientation of this state changes with the magnetic field, causing a quantifiable Berry phase in this research. Calculating the Wigner function of these states helped verify the simulation and understand their behaviour. This paper shows a simple quantum event on a photonic substrate to prove these computers' capabilities.

Enabling Strong Quantum Technologies This work advances by generalising the framework to non-adiabatic evolution, where the quantum system evolves faster.

To address quantum system errors, the researchers developed a new error mitigation method. Aharonov-Anandan cycles for opposing magnetic fields were concatenated to build a circuit. Berry's phase can be generalised non-adiabatically as the Aharonov-Anandan phase. The researchers used symmetry in this circuit to cancel out dynamical phases and leading non-geometric errors.

This crucial error cancellation technique isolates the robust geometric phase contribution. Berry's phase is geometrically impervious to certain defects, therefore this method sets a new benchmark for evaluating and eliminating quantum computing faults. Quantum technologies and simulations become more reliable with this progress.

Miniaturising the quantum future with quantum photonic integrated circuits.

Photonic integrated circuit PIC meaning

In integrated quantum photonics, photonic integrated circuits (PICs) manipulate photonic quantum states for quantum technologies. This field offers a viable way to scale up and downsize optical quantum circuits. Quantum photonics is the study of creating, manipulating, and detecting light in regimes where photons may be coherently controlled. Quantum photonics has been used to study the EPR conundrum and Bell test experiments.

Photons are interesting quantum information carriers because to their low decoherence, light-speed transmission, and ease of manipulation. Quantum photonics experiments have traditionally used “bulk optics” technology, which involved placing lenses and beamsplitters on massive optical tables that sometimes weighed hundreds of kilogrammes.

Key Advantages Over Traditional Optics

The switch to integrated quantum photonic circuits is a major step towards real quantum technology since they have many advantages over bulk optics.

Miniaturisation reduces system size, weight, and power consumption by orders of magnitude. Second, sophisticated lithographic technologies construct microscopic components that provide phase-stable (coherent) devices and waveguides without optical alignment, improving stability.

Third, the experiment size can be considerably reduced, allowing the integration of several optical components into a few square centimetres device. Finally, these gadgets can be mass-produced cheaply. Since this strategy uses advanced fabrication methods, the final products can be made using current manufacturing methods.

Historical context and key elements

Before Knill, Laflamme, and Milburn showed that linear optical quantum computers were achievable by using feed-forward and detection to produce deterministic two-qubit gates, linear optics was not considered a promising quantum computation platform. Demonstrating two-qubit gates with bulk optics proved the theory. This growing field relied on integrated optics, which became apparent.

Early integrated optics experiments demonstrated high-visibility classical and non-classical interference. The spatial degree of freedom in these circuits encodes a qubit, which has zero and one states and places a photon in a superposition between two waveguides. Basic linear optical components like phase shifters and directional couplers, which operate as beamsplitters between waveguide modes, are employed to control this.

Combine these pieces to produce entangling gates and changeable quantum circuits. Reconfiguring these systems involves altering phase shifters with thermo- or electro-optical components.

Using quantum photonic integrated circuits

Integrated quantum photonics is mostly used in quantum technology. Quantum walking, metrology, computation, communication, and simulation are significant topics.

Based on experimental evidence of quantum key distribution (QKD), quantum repeaters, and quantum relays based on entanglement switching, integrated optics is expected to play a major role in quantum communication. Field demonstrations of integrated single-photon sources and detectors have also occurred.

New algorithms for building complex quantum systems were proposed. Cluster state quantum computation is expected to be used to build a quantum computer.

Boson sampling is a viable method for showing quantum information processing's computational power in the near future using readily available technology. Small-scale experimental evidence were presented shortly after. Moreover, a single, reconfigurable integrated device that acts as a universal interferometer can implement the entire field of linear optics.

Bases and Materials

Integrated photon control devices can be made from silicon, silica, lithium niobate, silicon nitride, gallium arsenide, and indium phosphide.

Silicon's interoperability with CMOS technology lets it use semiconductor devices' advanced fabrication infrastructure. Through incorporated thermal microheaters or p-i-n modulators, silicon allows active tweaking after fabrication.

A high refractive index gives the material one of the highest component densities in integrated photonics. Commercial silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers with diameters up to 300 mm improve reproducibility. Silicon can only be used for infrared photons because it is opaque below 1200 nm.

Silica waveguides can be made using direct writing, photolithography, and flame hydrolysis. Direct write, which employs a computer-controlled laser to modify the glass's refractive index along a specified path to create circuit lines, is the most prevalent method for producing silica waveguides. Silica production in large quantities with good yield and reproducibility is difficult due to the serial inscription method and low refractive index contrast.

Lithium niobate's significant second-order optical nonlinearity facilitates spontaneous parametric down-conversion of photon pairs. It allows high-speed phase manipulation and mode conversion, making it a potential quantum processing feed-forward channel.

III–V The strong refractive index contrast and maximum second and third-order nonlinearities of materials atop insulators like (Al) GaAs and InP provide tight modal confinement. These materials can enable low-loss passive and high-speed active components, including on-chip lasers, employing active gain and electro-optic modulators.

Fabrication Methods

Photolithographic technologies, which enable mass production and shrinking, are essential to conventional PIC fabrication.

Research and rapid prototyping require low-volume production technology. Directly engraving circuits with femtosecond or UV lasers is possible. Laser-written waveguides are useful for rapidly testing new designs, but their serial inscription process and low refractive index contrast make them unsuitable for mass production or extreme miniaturisation, especially compared to silicon photonic circuits.

Femtosecond laser-written quantum circuits can alter polarisation degree of freedom and create unique three-dimensional structures.

Component Priorities

Despite having similar underlying constituents, quantum and classical PICs differ in practice. Quantum photonics components must minimise loss since the no-cloning theorem prevents amplification of single-photon quantum states.

Active integrated components allow stable, compact quantum information control. On-chip photon polarisation, time bin, route, or frequency states encode the information. Phase shifters, waveguides, and directional couplers are crucial to single-photon sources.

Qunnect’s Carina Quantum Networking Suite

Create a Quantum Entanglement Network at Montana State University with Qunnect's Product Suite.

With Qunnect's Carina quantum networking suite, Montana State University (MSU) has the Midwest's first quantum entanglement network. This is a quantum technology breakthrough. This groundbreaking effort aims to create a campus-wide quantum ecosystem that integrates quantum computing, sensing, and networking.

This deployment extends entanglement distribution to campus-scale telecommunications cable, solidifying MSU's quantum innovation leadership. The new integrated environment is expected to test applications and demonstrations beyond conventional cryptography, promoting a diversity of commercial use cases and speeding up new research. Qunnect and MSU are expected to increase Montana's economy and exposure by funding research, forming collaborations with high-tech firms, and attracting top scientists.

Qunnect's Carina product suite, noted for its real-time polarization stabilization, high-rate entangled photon production, and easy interface with telecom infrastructure, powers this revolutionary network. Qunnect's atom-based, entangled-photon producers, single photon counting detectors with high-resolution time tagging, adaptive polarization correction, entanglement validation, and orchestration make up the complicated, single-rack-mount Carina package.

Important Carina system features

Telecom wavelengths with high-rate entangled pair production for 100-kilometer fibers.

Real-time polarization stabilization is necessary for constant performance and authenticity in changing environments.

This modular interface integrates DWDM networks with standard data channels.

The Qunnect atom-based technology is ideal for MSU's quantum research. It enables high-rate sub-GHz-linewidth photon pairs and brightness not feasible with crystal-based systems. This improved brightness expands quantum network research applications.

Both organizations' leaders were thrilled about the initiative. Professor Krishna Rupavatharam, CTO of QCORE at MSU, said, “Qunnect’s technologies have given our students and researchers the infrastructure on which we can explore and innovate on quantum networks.”

“Having practical experience with photonic quantum networking technologies accelerates real-world quantum use cases for science and industry and advances our quantum efforts faster,” he said. MSU's early adoption of Qunnect technologies and leadership in quantum research were lauded by Qunnect CEO Noel Goddard. He continued, “With Carina, we are now taking the next step in bringing practical quantum networks from the lab to real-world research deployments.

The GothamQ quantum network in New York unites government, national labs, academic institutions, and corporate customers. The Carina system has shown promise in this implementation. Deutsche Telekom's Berlin T-Labs innovation team chose it for its BearlinQ quantum network. Since 2024, the BearlinQ network has achieved record quantum entanglement distribution distances. This latest cooperation with MSU coincides with QCORE, Montana State University's new quantum research and innovation endeavor.

Summary

It describes how Montana State University (MSU) is leveraging Qunnect's Carina product suite to build a quantum entanglement network. This project combines networking, sensing, and quantum computing to create a testbed for cutting-edge quantum applications and research. Scientific competence, industry ties, and fresh money are expected from the alliance in Montana.

DPQA QCrank Protocol

Optimisation of Neutral Atom Qubit Array Algorithm Deployment using QCrank Encoding Protocol

Creating quantum hardware instructions from quantum algorithms is still tricky. Anupam Mitra, Wan-Hsuan Lin, and Jan Balewski from NERSC, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and UC Los Angeles, along with QuEra and Harvard colleagues, created an innovative solution.

A compilation method for QCrank, an encoding protocol for dynamically programmable qubit array (DPQA) based on neutral atoms, is examined. It stores classical data in a quantum state. This work reveals how to better deploy algorithms and achieve encouraging accuracy when writing and retrieving classical data using these arrays' unique architecture, which includes high qubit counts, parallel operation, and changeable connection.

By comparing performance to current quantum processors, the team shows how these dynamically programmable arrays could be scalable and effective for near-term quantum computing applications.

Parallel Control and Neutral Atom Qubit Systems

Neutral-atom technologies are promising platforms for quantum computers as experimental systems approach hundreds of qubits and attain competitive two-qubit gate fidelities of 99.5%. Dynamically programmable qubit arrays (DPQA) have discrete functional zones, reconfigurable qubit connections, and global laser beams to operate on many qubits simultaneously.

These powers derive from manipulating atoms without losing quantum information. DPQAs allow real-time qubit connection and operation changes during computation, unlike fixed-configuration arrays.

A single optical pulse physically moves atoms while keeping their quantum state and applies two-qubit gates between close-together atoms to selectively operate on qubit subsets. The quantum processor can address individual qubits, giving it more control. To maximise quantum circuit compilation and execution for DPQA, researchers are finding the optimal number of functional zones, designing the best qubit arrangement for these zones, and enhancing gate application while restricting atom movement.

Evaluating the accuracy of QCrank implementation for sequenced data encoding on a simulated DPQA, IBM Heron superconducting devices, and Quantinuum's H1-1E trapped-ion device emulation, with realistic hardware constraints.

QuEra's Gemini-class quantum computers and Harvard's Rb atom-based devices model neutral-atom DPQA. Modern neutral-atom quantum computers use spatial light modulators (SLMs) to load atoms into laser traps, creating static trapping configurations that can be separated into zones. One zone may have tightly connected trapping sites for entangling processes and another a dense, regular square lattice for qubits. Single-qubit gates can be implemented locally or globally using laser beams. Acoustic-optical deflectors (AODs) can move several atoms at once, rearranging site-selected atoms between zones. Studies study atom-selective measurements in the midst of the circuit, while this model predicts global destructive measurement of all qubits.

Photonic Quantum Noise and Atom Movement Errors

Study focusses on modelling noise channels for digital photonic quantum computing architecture. Selected noise values represent current state-of-the-art, with analyses undertaken with ±30% noise levels to explore potential enhancements. A Pauli channel error depending on the amount of atom motions caused by atom shuttling increases circuit execution time. Due to long relaxation and decoherence times, movement-related delays affect result fidelity less than channel faults. A actual quantum computing job was benchmarked using the QCrank encoding approach.

QCrank encodes real-valued data sequences onto data qubits using uniformly controlled rotation gates and entangling gates and Hilbert space's exponential capacity. A QCrank circuit with na address and nd data qubits requires L two-qubit entangling gates and L single-qubit rotations to store L = nd × 2^na real-valued values. The neutral-atom native gate-set with CZ entangling gates and variable angle rotations suits this design. Entangling gates in parallel layers or identical single-qubit gates on all qubits create a quantum circuit with great execution parallelism.

Architectural reconfigurability meets address-data qubit bipartiteness. To quantify accuracy, the root mean square error (RMSE) is utilised, which accounts for QCrank circuit noise. A compiler optimisation strategy was tested using a QCrank setup with na = 4 address qubits and nd = 8 data qubits compressing 128 real values onto 12 qubits. Data qubits are divided into two na-sized portions. Application of CZ gates between address qubits and a selection of data qubits requires dynamic movement.

The approach only moves address qubits, horizontally moving cyclic permutations and vertically addressing data qubit sets. QCrank circuit performance at different input sizes was examined using Qiskit simulator with density matrix backend. The results show that longer input sequences require more entangling gates, which causes inaccuracy. To compare hardware platforms, IBM Fez with Pauli Twirling and Quantinuum noisy simulator simulations were done. The ratio of address to data qubits influences performance, with digital neutral atom and trapped-ion QPUs having identical QCrank accuracy.

Qubit Arrays Change Show Accuracy Scaling Promise

Dynamic Qubit Arrays Encourage Accuracy Scaling Quantinuum's H1-1E and IBM Fez simulations show impressive dynamically programmable qubit array accuracy scaling. These findings show that dynamically configurable qubit architectures may increase quantum computation scalability and performance.

Scaling Materials Discovery Simulations