Present Passive Participles

These are formed from imperfective verbs and refer to 'which is being done', i.e: 'the cake, which is being baked'.

To form this participle:

Take the first-person plural form of an imperfective verb.

Add the proper adjectival ending (-ый/-ая/-ое/-ые)

As the participle refers to an action being done simultaneously as the action of the main verb, it must agree with the noun it describes of gender, number and case:

фильмы, любимые народом                 films loved by the people

However, this aspect is rare and used mostly in literature or academic texts.

Past Passive Participles

These are formed from (mostly) perfective verbs and express the past tense of the above, following the same rules, though they can be used both in short and long form.

To form the long form:

For verbs ending with -ать or -ять:

Take off the ending -ть

Replace with -нный to produce a participle ending in -анный or -янный (-ая /-ое/-ыe)

For verbs ending in -ить, -еть or -сти:

Find the first person singular (я) form and take off the -у or -ю

Add the ending -енный or, if stressed, -ённый, to a stem ending in a consonant

For most verbs ending in -ыть , -оть, or -уть:

Remove the soft sign -ь

Add the adjectival ending (-ый/-ая/-ое/-ые)

To form the short form:

For most verbs ending -ать or -ять:

Remove the -ть

Add -н for masculine, -на for feminine, -но for neuter and -ны for plural

For most verbs ending in -ить, -еть, or -сти:

Find the first person singular (я) form and remove the -у or -ю

Add -ен or -ён (depending on the stress in the 1st sing. form)

For most verbs ending in -ыть, -оть, or -уть:

Remove the soft sign (-ь)