I've been an ardent fan of Mahabharata, but now that I think about it, except for Draupadi, Amba etc. getting their rightful revenge, it actually normalises rape and materialising women during several instances... Here are a few I remember:
Sage Parashara sleeps with Satyavati, in spite of her unwillingness, his only assurance to her that she will go back to being a virgin after giving birth to his child and she gets a “divine fragrance” (because apparently trauma is fine if you get perfume out of it; wth?)
Bheeshma "ACQUIRING" Ambika and Ambalika from their swayamvar for Vichitravirya....
Salva refusing to marry Amba, because he got defeated by Bheeshma.
Satyavati later calls on Vyasa to impregnate her daughters-in-law (who are clearly repulsed by him) by something called "niyoga", which does not make the term rape better in any way. And mind you, they were not even asked for consent. It is nauseating to think that Satyavati, herself, who went through something similar, did this. Oh, also after, Ambika, one of the victims, sends her maid to Vyasa, when he comes to impregnate her again... Ik it was a desperate move, Ambika, but way to go👏
Kunti accidentally calls upon Surya to test her powers, when she's still a child, and poor Lord Surya, bound by his duty, rapes her and leaves her to have his kid.
Pandu having no issue with the fact that multiple gods are sleeping with his wives, just so that he can have a son, which is obv not his.
Dhritarashtra impregnating Sugadha, Gandhari's maid, because Gandhari did not deliver her child past usual due... Apparently, being desperate for a child (i mean, a SON), is a valid reason to rape a maid
And yes, Draupadi is powerful. She questions the court. She refuses silence. But she and Bhanumati are both gambled away like property before anyone suddenly remembers morality exists.
Basically, Lineage > women. Sons > consent. Dynasty > dignity.
Both the epics show constant sexualisation of women and submissiveness.... Although they give valuable lessons and ALSO PROMOTE FEMALE EMPOWERMENT, you cannot ignore the crude misogyny baked into it.
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Sometimes I imagine krishna in mordern au, then get reminded of the amount of colourism he will have to face, I mean songs like "radha kyu gori, Mai kyu kaala" and similar poetry/songs already exist. When in ancient or vedic times dark skin was seen as amazingly beautiful and attractive. Draupadi and krishna, both were dark skinned and revered as the most beautiful, they never had any insecurity about it cuz dark was never considered less attractive back then.
Mordern au makes me sad for this exact reason. It makes me endlessly disappointed that we have this level of colourism that people don't even cast dark skinned actors to play vishnu ji, ram ji, kanha, arjuna and draupadi etc. Anyways dark skin is beautiful and this country is in serious need to overcome it's blatant colourism and racism fr.
No Draupadi doesn't third wheel KrishnArjun. That's so predictable and BORING.
It's ARJUN who third wheels the two idiots.
Krishna would seductively fall on and lie across Draupadi's lap and tickle her chin while she boops his nose giggling and the whole time Arjun got a so-over-it expression etched all over his face.
Subhadra’s arrival to Khandava was an unquiet one. Arjuna, bedraggled and miserable, had left her to trail after his incandescent wife, and her new mother-in-law now raked a hard gaze all across her ruined wedding robes down to her muddy hems. She wanted to tell her to censure her own son, but the night was young, and she was to stay here all her life, and it did not bode well for newlywed women to quarrel with the matriarch of their husband’s house.
“Come in, sister,” said Sahadeva, emerging from the darkness. He alone of all the brothers was calm, and he alone seemed to have foreseen such circumstances. “Has anyone come with you?”
Subhadra’s throat threatened to close up once more. Her parents had spent weeks and months preparing her retinue, finding for her the cleverest young girls, the kindest hand-maidens, and the wisest of midwives just in case. Sister Jambavati had brought for her two women from her own father’s home, who she reassured everyone would guard Subhadra with their lives. They were none of them with her now. Surely, they would come later, but in the meantime she was all alone, in a strange home, surrounded by strangers, waiting for strange customs to master her. She should have answered her brother-in-law, but she had taken too long, and the moment was past.
“No matter,” said Sahadeva, smiling kindly at her. “I will send for a maid; she is newly-appointed and would suit. Mother, shall we not invite her in? It is already so late.”
Kunti – no, Mother – stirred. Her upset did not disappear, but her frown softened. “Someone should have stopped them. Dushala is not here, but this household does not lack women. It is auspicious to interrogate a man who brings in a bride. And she should kick over a pot, walk into milk and vermillion – a marriage does not lack rituals.”
“Arjuna is already gone,” Bheema pointed out.
Mother Kunti sighed. “That boy! Very well then, come in, come in. We shall see about this tomorrow. Yudhisthira, send for the esteemed priest Dhaumya in the morning. This will have to be dealt with. Come, daughter, I will show you your rooms.”
Subhadra did not hear what the Emperor said. Mother Kunti had already turned and started walking, and she hastened after to follow in her bulky robes, half afraid of losing her way. Her eyes burned. The palace of Khandava opened up around her, dark and foreboding, larger and colder than her own home by the sunlit sea, unwelcoming of the intruder. The verdant forest, so sweet scented in the morning, now loomed over the horizon, hungry and animalistic.
Mother Kunti stopped beside a wide hallway and spun so suddenly that Subhadra, half running to keep up, nearly crashed into her. She said nothing, but her lips thinned, and again, Subhadra had to swallow back the lump in her throat. Their shadows danced on the walls; the chandelier above tinkled in the breeze.
“Have you had your wedding night?” Kunti asked her.
Baffled, Subhadra blinked at her. “What?”
Mother Kunti regarded her closely. Subhadra waited for shame or shyness to overcome her, but none came. “I said: have you had your wedding night?”
“We weren’t– the wedding hasn’t been completed yet. He spoke to my elders and straightaway brought us here.” Subhadra paused, then belatedly tacked on, “Mother.”
Mother Kunti frowned. Again, Subhadra waited for the sight of it to disturb her, for her heart to quail in her chest. Nothing happened. Her mother-in-law looked unhappily to the side, then seemingly came to a decision.
“I will speak to Arjuna,” she declared. “Meanwhile, the rooms in the east wing are still unoccupied. They will do well with a mistress.”
Why the east wing? Subhadra wanted to ask. Why not the inner women’s chambers? How far will I be from the others? Shall I have anyone nearby to call in my need?
But Subhadra was naturally shy – a quality valued in maidens, and one that seemed an insurmountable horror to her now. She had no recourse but to do as Mother Kunti instructed, following behind her like an abandoned duckling, deep into her new world.
The rooms she was installed into were large and luxurious, well-appointed and faultlessly furnished. Gold gleamed off the ornamental showpieces, each too expensive to have kept in unused rooms back at home. There was a painting in the wall of a broad river, done in a style similar to that of the Naga tribe. Even the candles in the chandelier reeked of incense and sandalwood. Once she was left alone, Subhadra sank into the soft bed and gave herself a moment to think. The silken sheets protested the silk of her dress, trying to make her slip. It took effort to gather her thoughts. She had heard, of course, of her aunt who married the Kuru Emperor, even if she had no memory of meeting her. She had heard too, of her five illustrious sons, and of their fire-born wife.
Yes, Draupadi. How much of a problem would she be? Sahadeva had offered her a newly hired maid; Kunti had put her away from the inner chambers where Draupadi must live. Why?
It was not unheard of for kings and princes to take more than one wife – indeed, it was so common that Subhadra felt at times perhaps Rama and his brothers in the Treta Yuga were the last ones to do so otherwise – and it was not unheard of for wives to be jealous of each other, to vie for the attentions of king and crown for their kingdoms and themselves. Subhadra wished she could tell her co-wife that there was no need for such caution; Subhadra did not know who she would have chosen, but it would not have been Arjuna.
Her mother and her aunt, both married off without a Swayamvara, had pressed her father with great insistence to arrange one for her. It was customary to honour the bride’s choice; it was practical, however, to choose beforehand, for kings needed allies and newlyweds the knowledge of their marital home. Subhadra’s elders had guided her expansively, had sent spies ahead to listen and learn, and told her after, to choose the “second prince on her right”.
Who had it been? Arjuna’s penance was well-known, he would hardly have been invited. She had not been curious before, having chosen a handful from the portraits of her suitors, and anticipating the pleasant surprise of knowing the one she would hold dearest to her heart and announcing it before the whole world. Now though, she wondered about that faceless groom who would never be, before she caught herself thinking of another man so soon after her marriage, and willed her mind to more pressing matters.
Such as her present situation.
Sahadeva had assigned her a newly hired maid, Kunti had relegated her to the guesthouses. Was it to guard against the angry Draupadi, who might have all the womenfolk under her obedient command, or was it out of distrust for a foreign woman? Surely, surely, they did not think that–
A single knock sounded on the door. Well, the maid had certainly taken her sweet time.
“Come in,” Subhadra called, gathering her things in hopes of undressing finally.
“I– ” began a voice that distinctly did not belong to a maid, and then, “Aaaahhhh!!!!”
Subhadra turned to see Arjuna at the threshold.
“You are alone!” her husband-to-be nigh wailed. “Mother will kill me!”
Subhadra did not quite understand the problem. Had they not been alone in each other’s company all this while? On the road too, and often away from civilization. She had been scared only initially, before it turned out that her husband was less a man and more an excitable child, and before Arjuna revealed himself to be a rakishly wicked thing.
“I do not mind,” she informed him simply. “Is there something you need?”
“Panchali is angry,” said Arjuna.
Well, Subhadra thought wryly, if I was your wife and you left me because you saw me compromised, and then came home with a new bride, I would too.
It probably did not help that Draupadi’s marriage had significantly uplifted her husbands’ position, materially and politically. To reward such contribution by wedding another so soon was the kind of intolerable snub matched only by insulting a woman’s natal home.
She spoke none of that, of course. One did not encourage competition in a royal household, and one did not endear a co-wife to one’s husband; especially when aforementioned co-wife showed signs of hostility. She waited quietly and demurely for her husband’s judgement.
Arjuna’s eyes skittered away from her own. “Do you think, maybe, you can talk to her?” he mumbled under his nose, as if that would stop the words from being heard. “Maybe not dressed so lavishly… we don’t want her to feel threatened.”
Shouldn’t you have thought of that before, Subhadra wondered bitterly. She had no great talent for politics, and never in her life had she asked for more than a loving husband and enough children to fill the halls of her quarters. And yet, as Arjuna spoke, a stubborn, headstrong part of her rose in rebellion; why should Draupadi not feel threatened?
Subhadra willed herself to be calm; anger was, after all, temporary madness. Even so, she misliked Arjuna’s ideas, and liked her situation even less. She could not claim familiarity, but a handful of days on the road had made her believe that Arjuna would not shy away from a challenge. Now, her husband-to- be was as unfamiliar to her as the dark underside of a leaf was to the morning sun. How could a man, who had dared to steal her from the heart of her kingdom, not be able to stand up against his own wife? Or was that bravery all from Krishna’s encouragement; Krishna, who had helped plan her swayamvara, who had laughed at her naïve, maidenly excitement, who had known the happiness of their friends and family and still chosen a man seeking penance to–
Stop. Subhadra shuddered. She could not doubt her own brother. If he had decided this, then it was for her own good. Soon, she would know the joy of belonging to a family as vast as her own; soon, she would have children to adore and love; soon, she would meld among the Pandavas as if she always belonged and would remain for eternity; and to do that, she would have to win over Draupadi.
“I will do it.”
Arjuna smiled. “Thank you, Bhadre. I will take my leave now. Good night.”
Was that all? She watched him leave with something dangerously close to disappointment. Was it mean minded on her part to enjoy that her groom-to-be had called her by her name, and her co-wife by the kingdom she came from and would never go back to? Forcing herself to turn to bed, cold and alone and still in her most inconvenient attire, without even a moth for company in that dull, dreadful night, Subhadra could not bring herself to care.
In the morning, the sun shone brightly on her face, and her maid finally came knocking around, holding a washbasin and new clothes. She was a reserved young creature, barely out of girlhood, with narrow eyes and a small, mean mouth; where she brushed Subhadra’s dense black hair, her hands were soft and gentle. To the cautiously prying questions of her mistress, she noted anew that she was recently appointed, that all she knew of Draupadi was by word of mouth alone, that the Empress was involved in court, and beloved and scorned in equal measure.
“Why scorned?”
“They do not like her marriage,” said the maid, and carefully wrapped a necklace around her throat. “All done, my lady.”
Subhadra nodded. “Thank you. I think I shall speak to the Empress now.”
Halfway across the palace (which seemed significantly less intimidating by daylight), they were accosted by a well-dressed man with salt-pepper hair and a look on his face that suggested mortal peril. He was clutching a lump of dull cloth to his chest, and quaking in his boots.
“Your Highness,” he squeaked, and promptly fell silent.
Subhadra sighed, her good mood soured. “Give them here,” she ordered, and snatching them out of the poor man’s arms, strutted imperiously to the nearest empty room.
Her new maid followed expressionlessly. By noon, Subhadra was certain, this would be the gossip of town.
.
.
.
“Was this his idea?” Draupadi asked without preamble as she let Subhadra into her quarters. Then she peered at her maid and asked with something not quite surprise, “Oh. Who’s this?”
Subhadra answered evasively. “I was sent someone to help with my clothes.”
“Hmm. She’s new. I usually know everyone around here. Well, no matter. Sit, sit!”
They sat. Her maid slipped away to help another girl get refreshments. Subhadra studied the woman in front of her.
Draupadi was as dark as the goddess Kali, and as beautiful as a night with no moon. Her hair, like Krishna’s, was so black it was almost blue, and her eyes, large and shapely, tapered at the ends like lotus petals. A soft, intoxicating scent came off of her, as unfamiliar as foreign perfume, the kind of aphrodisiac that could drive a strong man mad. She had about her an air of quiet confidence, rare even among high-born women, of someone who was knowledgeable and wise, and knew it.
Subhadra was at once aware that it would be fruitless to argue with this half-divine creature. One did not argue with fire or its children, no matter that the child had been born fully-formed, yet not seeing half as many years on earth as Subhadra herself.
“Didi,” she said humbly (no need to argue about ages here), “this was indeed the idea of our husband, but I agree with it. You are my elder and better. I have come to adore Mother Kunti’s youngest son, and I hope to remain among him and his as long as you will have me. Last night, I heard of you, and yet I did not dare be so audacious as to demand an audience so soon. Forgive me this once, please.”
There, Subhadra congratulated herself. Nice and simple – an apology for not worshipping the principal wife, foremost deity of the house; an acknowledgement of Draupadi being above her in station; and an open declaration of her wish to have a new family.
Then Draupadi said, “Of course you agree with him; you would agree with everything he said, wouldn’t you?”
Subhadra stared, stumped. These petty arguments could not be the words of a great scholar! With great difficulty, she got out, “Of course not. I hope to be fair and righteous. In that, I follow my husband and my lord, and hope I can steer him well should he falter.”
“Oh, ‘steer him well?’ Steer him from what?”
Dear heavens! Subhadra was not built for such things! She held her tongue as long as it took the maid to place tall glasses of juice between them, and then blurted out, “Didi! I don’t know what it is I said – perhaps I have offended or overstepped – but please believe me when I say I desire nothing from the halls of power. I do not wish you harm, and I never would. He brought me here!”
“He did, didn’t he?”
Draupadi turned away. Subhadra studied the downward curves of her lips, the bitter unhappiness in those beautiful eyes. This was not a queen fighting to keep her throne among many competitors; this was just a heartbroken young woman, newer to the world than even she was.
Compassion welled in her heart, and before she could think better of it, she had leaned forward and grasped Draupadi’s hand in both of hers. For a daughter of the fire, her skin was soft and pleasantly cool. Subhadra squeezed it, and the gentleness seemed to travel from her hand all the way to her face, which too softened, and turned almost melancholic.
“Have you your wedding clothes?” Draupadi asked.
“I was wearing them before,” Subhadra admitted sheepishly.
Draupadi stood up. “I will help,” she said, and Subhadra knew.
.
.
.
Afterwards, when the festivities were over, and Arjuna was being teased by his brothers, Subhadra sat quietly among the women of the house and pondered Draupadi’s fate. Naturally, Subhadra did not have the contentious fate of having five husbands – such a situation was sure to breed occasional distress in conjugal life – and yet, what did Subhadra have, that Draupadi did not?
She knew herself to be beautiful and shy, soft-spoken and mild-mannered, but outside of their morning interaction, so too was Draupadi, and several times better than her. Subhadra knew her letters and had read many books, but something suggested that Draupadi was more rigorously trained. Even Kunti seemed fond of Draupadi – now they came to her together, and sat by her side.
“They have spotted the Yadavas from the watchtowers,” Kunti informed her, patting her head as Subhadra greeted her mother-in-law. “How are you settling in?”
“Very well, Mother,” she assured, even though there had been no word of changing her quarters to live in her husband’s household or among the women. A sensible woman did not question the husband’s mother on their marriage day.
“She should stay with us,” Draupadi insisted. “Mother, you cannot send her so far away.”
Why? So you can spy on me?
But no, Draupadi appeared genuinely eager. Mother Kunti gave them warm, maternal smiles, and went off to make arrangements, waving away Draupadi’s insistent offers of help.
After she was gone, Draupadi leaned forward to take Subhadra’s hand in her own, a mirror of their morning. Perhaps some of her apprehension showed on her face, for the Empress smiled and blessed her. “May you be the mother of heroes. May you be the foremother of kings.”
A foremother of a king was not usually the direct mother; such a blessing might have been taken differently. But it was evident Draupadi did not mean it so, and Subhadra refused to hold it against her.
In the distance, Arjuna caught her eye, laughing, and slowly she found she had forgotten her earlier upset at the man. Subhadra was in a stranger’s home, a stranger so handsome it would have been a delight to meet him in any other part of the world. So what if one day Arjuna wedded another girl? Subhadra was content with what she had now, and it was enough.
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Can you talk about krishna and draupadi's friendship? and some interesting things you learned cuz their platonic bond need to be talked about more!
Thank you!
Sure! ❤️ Just to note, I will not go into any 'interpolation' here, and just take the entire available text at face value and go with that.
Also I won't cover the most popular ones, better people have written about those already. ❤️
As you said, Krishna and Krishnaa- they were soulmates, but platonic. "Krishna-sya dayitaa sakhi" is how Vyasa describes them.
Interestingly, Krishna and Krishnaa are the only people who addressed each other by their birth names, as a true mark of equal respect on both sides (while Krishna is mostly Vaasudeva and Krishnaa is Draupadi/Panchali....I'll be forever mad at the TV shows (especially StarB) for not pushing this dynamic properly, and going with 'sakha-sakhi' instead).
Dr. Bhaduri speculates that maybe at first, at first Krishna was maybe a bit jealous of the hold Draupadi had on his beloved Arjuna, so he intentionally pushed Subhadra at him, to divide his attention (don't agree with it, but it's interesting).
However, right after the marriage (actually about a year after the marriage), Krishna comes over to Indraprastha to do damage control with Draupadi. This is when they became the close friends they were later known for being. If you go with the above jealousy theory, then you could say that Krishna reconsidered his position the moment he actually got to know this dynamic lady, and from then on he did whatever was in her best interest.
When Krishna left Indraprastha for Dwarika that time, he had to spend considerable time consoling Draupadi separately, and that is when we the readers get the first glimpse of their friendship.
Right before Khandava is burned, we see Draupadi enjoying a solid picnic with Krishna, Arjuna and Subhadra, where she throws her own jewellery and even clothes at the entertainers who were performing for them. We see that Draupadi is 110% comfortable doing this in front of Krishna, most probably because she (and the other male members of her family) knows that Krishna is never ever going to look at her that way.
Again, in Udyoga Parva, we hear from Sanjaya, that he had walked into a 'situation', where Krishna and Arjuna were considerably drunk, and them two plus Draupadi and Satyabhama were all passing around a glass of wine. Here, Krishna's feet are on Arjuna's lap and Arjuna's feet are on Draupadi and Satyabhama's laps (one on each's). Again, no one minds this, because they are all extremely clear on one another's personal boundaries (not to mention, very comfortable in one another's presence).
Draupadi later corners Krishna and declares that he has 4 reasons why Krishna is obligated to protect her, even if her husbands don't: (1) sambandhaat: she is his aunt's daughter-in-law, (2) gauravaat: she is born from the yajna fire and hence is a special person, (3) sakhyaat: she is Krishna's personal friend and hence has a special right to his care, outside of her familial contact, and (4) prabhutvena: Krishna is powerful. The 3rd should speak to us the most about their relationship.
Their relationship is often expressed in scenes which do have the chance of being misinterpreted as undertones-of-romantic, but that is by design. Mahabharata is there precisely to challenge us! It presents contradictions at every point, and expects the readers to reevaluate the limits of their morality.
In the same vein, Draupadi's base character is supposed to be imperfect. And we the readers are supposed to look at all the facts and decide on that eternal question: "Does she deserve it?" (For the sake of clarity I feel like I have to say: she doesn't, but we have to wrangle with this question throughout her story).
Also, I was reading Dr. V. Propp's work the other day, and I read about this concept of 'trebling' in mythology. Here, a certain type of incident (mostly with the primary 'moral' of the story), will repeat 3 times in the whole story, just to drive home the main point. For Draupadi, this question of "Does she deserve it?" is explored thrice:
2. Draupadi being a bit 'free' with Jayadratha, versus, Her being kidnapped
3. Draupadi working as a sairandhri, versus, Keechaka's attraction.
These above three points, you could write entire papers on each of them separately, but if you look at it in short: it reflects victim-blaming points that are unfortunately used today as well (1. She shouldn't have spoken out of turn, 2. She shouldn't have shown so much skin, and 3. She shouldn't have been working), and challenges the readers to ask themselves if these points disqualify Draupadi from gaining their sympathy (while also highlighting that Krishna, the Ps and every one else who's good, in fact, is after these incidents still standing with the lady)!
In some neeti-shastras, a 'Kritya' is a minor destructive goddess (apadevi), but is used as a placeholder for a woman who jumpstarts the 'end of a yuga'. In Satya, it was Renuka, in Treta, Seeta and in Dwapara, Draupadi (it's flawed logic, but kinda lines up with Draupadi's trajectory).
Draupadi and her husbands' individual relationships are replete with contradictions. Yudhishthira is both the bane of her existence and also her best friend. Bheema is the one who has 'given' himself completely to her, and she both uses him the most and is the most grateful to him. Arjuna is the one she wants the most, but who pulls himself away from her the most. Nakula-Sahadeva are her husbands, but she behaves more like a mother to them than anything. There's a lot to be said for each of the statements, but that's the gist.
There are these contradictions in MB at every point, in every story, sometimes 2-3 contradicting questions in every sub-narrative. If you're interested maybe we could discuss it in detail sometime ❤️