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A new book claims AI has been built on a flawed assumption dating back to Alan Turing's famous 1950 paper. Peter J. Denning argues that
Touring's assumptions from his 1950 paper: The first is that intelligence can exist independently of a physical body and therefore be recreated in computer software. The second is that a machine can demonstrate intelligence by successfully imitating a human in conversation.
Denning is saying that both are wrong. Because they are wrong we may be able to create machines that emulate intelligence, but in fact do not have real intelligence. Intelligence depends heavily on context, the surrounding circumstances that give words, actions, and decisions their meaning. Context allows people to recognize sarcasm, humor, sincerity, and emotion. It helps determine when to be diplomatic, when to joke, and how to interpret countless social cues. "When you inquire into where an assumption of the current context came from, you discover it rests on previous conversations from previous contexts. Each of those in turn rests on further previous conversations and their contexts. This pattern is endless and fractal," says Denning.
The article goes on to say: Machine learning cannot capture five major categories of tacit knowledge: common sense, everyday interactions with people and the environment, emotions and perception, practical performance skills, and the social and historical knowledge embedded in culture. Researchers have long attempted to organize common sense into databases. One of the best known efforts was Douglas Lenat's Cyc project, which began in the 1980s with the goal of creating an extensive collection of common sense facts. After four decades of work, the project contained roughly 25 million entries. "Yet even this treasury could not add up to a background of common sense sufficient to make expert systems smart enough to be experts," Denning notes. "Cyc validated that much of the knowledge that makes people experts cannot be articulated as propositions."
Machines do not have or understand culture as we live it. They have no bodies and therefore cannot grasp why we value certain things, AND THEY NEVER WILL. That is to say it is impossible that any computer no matter how much data it works with will ever be intelligent. He points to accomplished musicians as an example.
"A virtuoso violinist can play beautiful music yet cannot describe to an acolyte how to produce it.
"Even if a robot could observe and imitate skilled humans, having no biological body, a robot cannot grasp how the musician feels when playing beautiful music or how an audience feels when hearing it."
Denning also includes intuition, gut feelings, imagination, and spontaneous creativity among the forms of tacit knowledge that remain beyond the reach of machines.
In conclusion Denning warns:
"Through AI automation, agentic networks of machines are likely to develop their own machine intelligence that does not reach the level of human general intelligence but is still quite capable of creating severe problems for humans. This threat is a greater than a take-over by superintelligent machines," he explains.
"Machine intelligence has different concerns from us and does not appear to care about us. Its ways of thinking and problem-solving look alien to us. We do not yet know how to live safely with these machines.
"Pulling back from an AI automation singularity will demand much from us. We start by accepting that the familiar culture is fading away as intelligent machines appear in our society and we do not know what is coming. We decline to think like machines or be subservient to machines. We refuse to submit to a yoke imposed by low-intelligence machines. Most importantly, we reassert our humanity, declare once again what makes us different from machines, and celebrate those differences."
[27 JAN 2014] The Dawn of the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham [UPDATES]
In the course of the Syrian Civil War, two major rebel factions have emerged who share al-Qaeda's ideology: Jabhat al-Nusra (JN), which was
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[27 JAN 2014] The Dawn of the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham [UPDATES] https://www.meforum.org/islamic-state-iraq-ash-sham In the course
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Seldom is there such a divergence between a country’s reputation and the reality of its policy than with regard to Turkey. For too many in t
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America's oligarchs guard their hoards jealously—but there may be a way in.
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