#myxini

YESSSSSS ONE OF MY FAVORITES!!!

Pacific Hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii), family Myxinidae, order Myxiniformes, class Myxini, found on the ocean floor in deep parts of the Pacific Ocean

Jawless fish.

Marine (salt water).

Hagfish have a cartilaginous skull, but no vertebral column (they do have rudimentary vertebrae).

Tooth-like structures made of keratin.

Relatively closely related to lamprey (another jawless fish), though they are in separate classes.

Scavengers and predatory on small creatures.

Produce copious amounts of thick slime.

photos: Mark Conlin, Linda Snook | NOAA, Tom McHugh

photograph of hagfish slime by Andra Zommers

https://animalfact.com/hagfish/

Sixgill Hagfish or Snotslang (Eptatretus hexatrema), family Myxinidae, order Myxiniformes, off the coast of Capetown, South Africa

photograph by Peter Southwood

Cape Hagfish (Myxine capensis), South Africa

photograph by Andy Murch

Atlantic Hagfish (Myxine glutinosa), Norway

photograph by Kåre Telnes

Mouth of a Broad-gilled Hagfish (Eptatretus cirrhatus), New Zealand

(Sources - 1, 2, 3, 4)

The Myxini, commonly called “hagfish”, “slime eels”, or even “snot snakes”, is the most simple class of vertebrates. They have one order, the Myxiniformes, and 3 families.

Hagfish have a cartilaginous skull but no vertebral column, though they do have rudimentary vertebrae. They also have tooth-like structures composed of keratin. Species range from 4 cm (1.6 in) to 127 cm (4 ft 2 in) long. They have elongated, worm-like bodies, and paddle-like tails. The skin is naked and loose, attached only along the center ridge of the back and at the slime glands. They have simple eyespots which only detect light, six or eight barbels around the mouth, and a single nostril. Their jaws move horizontally rather than vertically like other vertebrates, projecting two pairs of horny, comb-shaped tooth plates that grasp food and pull it into the mouth. They are marine predators and/or scavengers.

Hagfish are most well-known for their defense mechanism: releasing copious amounts of slime from specialized mucous glands in their skin. The slime reacts to seawater, expanding to 10,000 times its original size in 0.4 seconds. This slime is flexible, more durable and retentive than the slime excreted by any other animals. If a predator is not deterred by the sudden mouthful of slime, hagfish can also tie themselves into a knot to scrape more slime off of their bodies, wiggling free from their captor while its gills are clogged. Hagfish will also use this traveling knot behavior to clean themselves of any excess mucous.

Very little is known about hagfish reproduction. They are split into males and females, with females usually outnumbering males. Depending on species, females lay from 1 to 30 tough, yolky eggs. The eggs stick together with velcro-like tufts at either end. They do not have a larval stage and hatch as miniature adults.

The oldest-known stem group hagfish are known from the Late Carboniferous, with modern forms first being recorded from the mid-Cretaceous.

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Today's fish of the day is the Pacific Hagfish!

The pacific hagfish, also known as the california hagfish, and scientific name  Eptatretus stoutii, is known for being the widest spread hagfish species, and one of the deepest living. Their range stretches from the Northern sections of Alaska all the way down to Baja, California, living at depths of 16-966 meters, or 50-3,200 feet. Along this range they prefer to live on fine silt and clay bottomed areas of the continental shelf, or upper shelves, their swimming skills are weak and so they spend much of their time along the sea bed. Although currently unproven, it is thought that during the fall these hagfish migrate to deeper waters, remaining until the winter, which is consistent with other hagfish migration patterns.

Hagfish first emerged in the fossil record as far back as 310 million years ago, with animals resembling the modern hagfish we know today 100 million years ago. To this day, hagfish still serve as a cause for confusion when it comes to defining fish as a taxonomic bracket. As a jawless fish that broke off just before the jaw was evolved, and sharing their infraphylum with lampreys, they break up a definition of fish that include the movement of the jaw as a definer. However, this lack of a jaw doesn't stop their hunting style from being just as interesting as us vertebrates who do contain a mouth that opens and closes.

Like all hagfish, the pacific hagfish establishes a hold onto prey before tying its body into knots and untying to generate a ripping force to tear off pieces of flesh. Due to this, a majority of their diet consists of already dead animals, forcing them into the scavenger role. Other than what the hagfish can scavenge, they also eat polychaete worms along the seabed, shrimp, other hagfishes eggs, and small cephalopods. Strangest of all, this animal can absorb amino acids through the skin. The other notable feature of hagfishes is their slime. When threatened, they can ooze a slime made of specialized mucus out of slime glands. This is known for expanding over 10,000 times its original size in less than a second. This slime can be used to slip away from predators who may have already gotten a hold on them, but also to clog the gills, choking out predators before they can get the chance to escape, and providing them with a meal.

The reproduction of hagfish is not well understood, but let's go over what we do know. Female hagfish will lay eggs within a muddy burrow it has formed or other structures it may find, and males will come to fertilize externally. After this, female hagfish will remain in the burrow to protect the eggs from any potential predators or other hagfish, until they hatch. Once they have emerged from their eggs, at a size of 6-8cm in length, they are already in the same shape they will remain the rest of their lives, as they lack a larval stage. Their life cycle lasts for up to 40 years in the wild, and they can get as large as 25 inches in length by sexual maturity, with a typical length of 17 inches.