#menaquinone

ویتامین K2 یکی از ویتامین های کمتر شناخته شده است که از دسته ویتامین های ضروری می باشد ولی متاسفانه بیش از ۵۰ % از جمعیت جهان از کمبود این ویتامین رنج می برند. شکل اصلی ویتامین K به صورت ویتامین K و K1 و K3 است. اما ویتامین K2 به صورت اصطلاح Menaquinone شناخته شده است و مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد. این ویتامین در کمتر غذایی یافت می شود و بیشتر در معرض بیولوژیکی قرار می گیرد. اثرات این ویتامین بسیار…

Summary 

Observational data suggest a link between menaquinone (MK, vitamin K2) intake and cardiovascular (CV) health. However, MK intervention trials with vascular endpoints are lacking. We investigated long-term effects of MK-7 (180 µg MenaQ7/day) supplementation on arterial stiffness in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Healthy postmenopausal women (n=244) received either placebo (n=124) or MK-7 (n=120) for three years. Indices of local carotid stiffness (intimamedia thickness IMT, Diameter end-diastole and Distension) were measured by echotracking. Regional aortic stiffness (carotid-femoral and carotid-radial Pulse Wave Velocity, cfPWV and crPWV, respectively) was measured using mechanotransducers. Circulating desphospho-uncarboxylated matrix Gla-protein (dp-ucMGP) as well as acute phase markers Interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and markers for endothelial dysfunction Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule (VCAM), E-selectin, and Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs) were measured. At baseline dp-ucMGP was associated with IMT, Diameter, cfPWV and with the mean z-scores of acute phase markers (APMscore) and of markers for endothelial dysfunction (EDFscore). After three year MK-7 supplementation cfPWV and the Stiffness Index β significantly decreased in the total group, whereas distension, compliance, distensibility, Young’s Modulus, and the local carotid PWV (cPWV) improved in women having a baseline Stiffness Index β above the median of 10.8. MK-7 decreased dp-ucMGP by 50 % compared to placebo, but did not influence the markers for acute phase and endothelial dysfunction. In conclusion, long-term use of MK-7 supplements improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women, especially in women having a high arterial stiffness. 

ABSTRACT Vitamin K–dependent proteins, including matrix Gla-protein, have been shown to inhibit vascular calcification. Activation of these proteins via carboxylation depends on the availability of vitamin K. We examined whether dietary intake of phylloquinone (vitamin K-1) and menaquinone (vitamin K-2) were related to aortic calcification and coronary heart disease (CHD) in the population-based Rotterdam Study. The analysis included 4807 subjects with dietary data and no history of myocardial infarction at baseline (1990–1993) who were followed until January 1, 2000. The risk of incident CHD, all-cause mortality, and aortic atherosclerosis was studied in tertiles of energy-adjusted vitamin K intake after adjustment for age, gender, BMI, smoking, diabetes, education, and dietary factors. The relative risk (RR) of CHD mortality was reduced in the mid and upper tertiles of dietary menaquinone compared to the lower tertile [RR 0.73 (95% CI: 0.45, 1.17) and 0.43 (0.24, 0.77), respectively]. Intake of menaquinone was also inversely related to all-cause mortality [RR 0.91 (0.75, 1.09) and 0.74 (0.59, 0.92), respectively] and severe aortic calcification [odds ratio of 0.71 (0.50, 1.00) and 0.48 (0.32, 0.71), respectively]. Phylloquinone intake was not related to any of the outcomes. These findings suggest that an adequate intake of menaquinone could be important for CHD prevention. J. Nutr. 134: 3100–3105, 2004.

Vitamin D is important for the absorption of calcium and K2’s role is to make sure that the calcium ends up in the right place. That is in bones and teeth, not in arteries or kidneys where it can cause damage.

In fact, in a 2004 Dutch study, men and women over 55 years old with the highest intake of vitamin K2 in their diets had a whopping 50% lower incidence of heart disease, which was attributed to reduced calcification and hardening of the arteries.

In Japan, vitamin K2 is routinely prescribed for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Vitamin K2 and tooth decay.

Research shows that vitamin K2 and vitamin D together result in a far greater reduction of tooth decay than does either vitamin alone.

In his clinical trials on tooth decay, Dr Weston Price achieved the best results when he gave children vitamin D from cod liver oil together with what he termed fat-soluble “Activator X” found in concentrated butter oil from grass-fed cows. We now know that Activator X is vitamin K2.

How much K2 is necessary?

Dr Price successfully treated tooth decay by supplementing with less than 100 mcg per day of vitamin K2 in concentrated butter oil.  

Which form of K2 is best?

Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) is found in animal and dairy products, and egg yolks in the MK-4 form, and from fermented foods in the MK-7 form, notably from fermented soy beans (natto) and some cheeses.  MK-4 and MK-7 forms of vitamin K2 appear to have somewhat different properties and it is not yet clear which one, if either, is superior.  We recommend supplementing both forms.

Additional information:

Vitamin K2 and Dental Health by Chris Masterjohn A high menaquinone intake reduces the incidence of coronary heart disease

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