#korean study

👉 해야 하다 and 해야 되다.

(‘yay’ - 251228) - Part 2

{Part 1}

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새해 다짐 - New Year’s resolution

변화하다 - to change

주변 환경 - surroundings / environment

기반 - base / foundation

개최하다 - to open / to hold (an event)

장식품 - decorations / ornaments

조명 - lighting / lights

넘기다 - to overlook / to skip / to pass over

전통적이다 - to be traditional

제대로 - properly / correctly / as it should be

한 치 - an inch

떡지다 - to become greasy / to get clumped or matted

번역하다 - to translate

별로다 - not very good / so-so

예의상 - out of politeness / as a courtesy

목표 - goal / objective

무사히 - safely / without incident

실행시키다 - to put into action / to carry out

나머지다 - to be the remainder / to be left over

유리하다 - to be advantageous / favourable

차분하다 - to be calm / composed

더하다 - to add / to increase

채우다 - to fill

빼놓다 - to leave out / to omit

상하다 - to spoil / to go bad

자체 - itself

𝐒𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐲 𝐯𝐢𝐛𝐞 🪄

𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟔.𝟎𝟏.𝟎𝟒

If you don't know what Hanja is, it refers to the Chinese-derived words of the Korean language. Pretty much half of Korean comes from originally Chinese words (and therefore will share pronunciation similarities with actual Chinese) and the rest is pure Korean.

Just like Latin and Greek is to English (e.g. aqua- hydro- indicate relation to 'water'), we can remember some Hanja to make semantic links between words in Korean.

The majority of Korean people's names have Hanja equivalents and could be written out in Chinese (sometimes required on official documents) and will be chosen by their parents based on the traditional semantic meaning. However, in the last few decades more Korean people are giving their kids pure Korean names with nice meanings such as 사랑, 보라, 하나, 하늘, 진주. More on Korean names in a future post!

Anyway, on with some semantic Hanja word links.

Marriage related words - 혼

결혼 - marriage

이혼 - divorce

약혼 - engagement (does the 약 part also seem familiar? It's the same 약 in 약속 - promise, and 예약 - appointment.)

기혼 - married (as in the person's status)

미혼 - unmarried, single

water related words - 수

수달 - otter

생수 - drinking/fresh water

수상 스키 - water ski (상 is a Hanja meaning 'above')

홍수 - flood

호수 - lake

school related words - 학 and 교

학교 - school

학생 - student

교복 - school uniform (your probably know what Hanbok is right? 한 - Korea 복 - clothing. That's the same 복.)

교육 - education

middle related words - 중

중국 - China (국 is the character used in country names)

중학교 - middle school

중급 - middle/intermediate level

중 - medium size (might see on a menu with portion options)

beauty related words - 미

미국 - the U.S.

미녀 - beautiful woman

미용실 - beauty salon/hairdressers

people related words - 인

인간 - human

~인 - person from ~ country (a Korean, a Brit, a German etc)

인생 - life

인기 - popularity

인사 - greeting

인삼 - ginseng (so called because the root resembles a person)

개인 - personal, private

주인 - owner

부인 - wife

female related words - 여/녀

여신 - goddess

미녀 - beautiful woman

마녀 - witch

그녀 - she

여성 - female

I use this blog to help with my studies! I'm studying Korean, Spanish, and ASL. I've been studying Korean for the longest, but I'd like to get better at all of them!

Don't use my word or my methods as gospel!!! Some things / translations could be wrong! I'm trying to learn! But, if you can use these to help yourself, feel so free! If you'd like to become mutuals or study-friends, all is welcome, too!

Day 2 of productivity

All about Hanok, the Korean traditional home, using the oldest surviving example of the Maeng clan haeng-dan! It is an example of architecture from the beginning of the Joseon dynasty (start:1392) which has been maintained according to the old way of building.

Let's break down each grammar pattern with examples:

1. -(으)ㄹ까 말까

This grammar has two meanings.

-(으)ㄹ까 말까 “shall I or shall I not, whether or not,”

The first meaning is hesitation such as “shall I or shall I not, whether or not.”

Usage: This pattern expresses uncertainty or indecision about an action or situation. It presents a dilemma or a decision-making process where the person is contemplating an action, often translated as "whether or not to…"

Example Sentences:

축구를 할까 말까 고민하고 있다. (I'm debating whether or not to play soccer.)

여행을 가볼까 말까 생각 중이에요. (I'm thinking about whether or not to go on a trip.)

그 결정을 할까 말까 망설이고 있어요. (He/she is hesitating about whether or not to make that decision.)

When it has this meaning, Korean people often use this grammar with some particular verbs expressing thoughts and concerns, such as

망설이다 “to hesitate” 고민하다 “to consider” 고민 중이다 “to be considering” 생각하다 “to think” 생각 중이다 “to be thinking”

The second meaning is to express “uncertainty about an amount or quantity if it reaches a certain line.”

When it has this meaning, Korean people use it in the form of -(으)ㄹ까 말까 하다, or in the form of nouns + (이)가 될까 말까 하다 “(it) is just enough or a bit short.”

About the usage of -(으)ㄹ까 말까, you mainly use it for verbs.

For a verb, which does not have a final consonant, you attach ㄹ까 말까 to the stem.

For example, 가다 “to go” does not have a final consonant, so you attach ㄹ까 말까 to make 갈까 말까 “shall I go or not.”

If a verb has a final consonant, you attach -을까 말까 to the stem.

For example, 먹다 “to eat” has a final consonant.

So, you attach 을까 말까 to the stem to make 먹을까 말까 “shall I eat or not.”

Example sentence for the first meaning “whether or not.”

이 옷을 살까 말까 망설이는 중이에요. I am thinking about whether I should buy these clothes or not.

Here, 사다 “to buy” does not have a final consonant.

So, you add -ㄹ까 말까 to make 살까 말까 “whether I should buy or not.”

You can see hesitation through this expression, 살까 말까.

Example sentence for the second meaning, “just enough or a bit short” to express an amount.

작년에 심은 나무가 내 키를 넘을까 말까 할 정도로 자랐다. The tree I planted last year has grown up to the height which just barely exceeds my height.

Here, 넘다 “to exceed” has a final consonant.

So, you add -을까 말까 to make 넘을까 말까 “barely exceeds.”

Then, let’s read a sample sentence in the form of a noun + 이/가 될까 말까 하다.

강의가 시작한 지 1시간이 될까 말까 해요. It has been just one hour or less since the lecture started.

Here, 1시간 means “one hour.” 1 시간 has a final consonant, so you add 이 될까 말까 하다 to make 1시간이 될까 말까 하다 “the time just barely reaches one hour.”

2. -(으)ㄹ수록

-(으)ㄹ수록 “as you do smth~”

Usage: This pattern indicates that as something happens or progresses, another situation intensifies or becomes more pronounced. It's used to describe a proportional relationship between two events or states. It's translated as "the more… the more…"

Example Sentences:

더 많이 연습할수록 실력이 더 좋아진다. (The more you practice, the better your skills become.)

시간이 지날수록 그 사건을 잊을 수 없었다. (The more time passed, the more unforgettable that incident became.)

더 많은 경험을 쌓을수록 자신감이 생길 거예요. (The more experience you gain, the more confidence you will have.)

You use this when you notice that one situation changes to some degree, then another situation also changes.

To apply this grammar for verbs and adjectives, you attach -ㄹ수록 to the stem.

If a verb or an adjective does not have a final consonant, you attach ㄹ수록.

For example, 가다 “to go” does not have a final consonant. So, you attach -ㄹ수록 to make 갈수록 “as (I) go.”

If a verb or an adjective has a final consonant, you attach 을수록.

For example, 먹다 “to eat” has a final consonant.

So, you attach -을수록 to make 먹을수록 “as (I) eat.”

For nouns, you attach -일수록 regardless of a final consonant.

Besides, if you attach -(으)ㄹ수록 to 가다 “to go” to make 갈수록, you can sometimes translate it to “as you go”, but Korean people often use it as the meaning of “gradually.”

There is an idiom, 갈수록 태산이다, and this means “Gradually, you will see bigger mountains.” which means “Something is getting worse and worse.”

그때 일은 생각할수록 분해. The more I think about it, the more I get angry.

Here, 생각하다 “to think” is a verb which does not have a final consonant.

So, you add -ㄹ수록 to make 생각할수록 “the more (I) think.”

날씨가 더울수록 건강에 각별히 주의하세요. As the weather gets hotter, please take good care of your condition.

Here, 덥다 “to be hot” is an adjective which has a final consonant.

So, you add -을수록. However, you apply ㅂ irregular rule for 덥다.

So, 으 changes to 우, and it becomes 더울수록 “as (it) gets hotter.”

Then let’s look at the next sentence.

친하고 가까운 사이일수록 서로 예의를 잘 지켜야 돼. As a relationship is more intimate and closer, you should be more courteous to each other.

Here, 사이 “relationship” is a noun. So, you add -일수록 to make 사이일수록 “as a relationship is more ~.”

Then, let’s read a sample sentence of 갈수록 which you translate it as “gradually.”

회원 수가 처음에는 열 명뿐이었는데 갈수록 늘어나고 있어요. The number of members was only ten at first, but it gradually went up.

Here, if you translate 갈수록 into “as you go” the meaning of the sentence becomes “the number of members went up as you go”, and it sounds weird.

In these cases, 갈수록 means “gradually” or “more and more.”

3. -(으)면 -(으)ㄹ수록

-(으)면 -(으)ㄹ수록 “the more ~, the more ~.”

Usage: This pattern is an extension of -(으)ㄹ수록 and adds a conditional clause using -(으)면 (if) to indicate that as a particular condition is met or event occurs, another related outcome intensifies or changes correspondingly. It means "the more… (if/when) …, the more…"

Example Sentences:

더 열심히 공부하면 공부할수록 성적이 오를 거예요. (The more you study harder, the better your grades will get.)

날씨가 추워지면 추워질수록 집에서 더 오래 있게 되죠. (If the weather gets colder, you end up staying home longer.)

팀원들과 더 잘 협력하면 협력할수록 프로젝트가 더 잘 진행될 거예요. (The more you cooperate well with your team members, the smoother the project will progress.)

When you use the same verb or adjective repeatedly, you can express a gradual change such as “the more ~, the more ~.”

To apply this grammar for verbs and adjectives, you attach -(으)면 -(으)ㄹ수록 to the stem.

If a verb or an adjective does not have a final consonant, you attach -면 -ㄹ수록.

For example, 가다 “to go” does not have a final consonant.

So, you attach -면 -ㄹ수록 to the stem to make 가면 갈수록 “the more (I) go, the more~.”

If a verb or an adjective has a final consonant, you attach -으면 -을수록.

For example, 먹다 “to eat” has a final consonant.

So, you attach -으면 -을수록 to the stem to make 먹으면 먹을수록 “the more (I) eat, the more~.”

For nouns, you attach (이)면 일수록.

Example sentence:

이 영화는 보면 볼수록 빠져들어요. About this movie, the more you watch it, the more you will be into it.

보다 “to watch” does not have a final consonant.

So, you add -면 -ㄹ수록 to make 보면 볼수록 “the more you watch it, the more ~.”

빠져들다 “to be into smth” is a useful word in this case.

이 꽃은 기온이 높으면 높을수록 빨리 자란대. They say this flower grows faster as the temperature is higher.

Here, 높다 “to be high” has a final consonant.

So, you add -으면 -을수록 to make 높으면 높을수록 “the higher ~, the more ~.”

Explanation:

-(으)ㄹ까 말까: This pattern emphasizes indecision or uncertainty about whether to proceed with a particular action.

-(으)ㄹ수록: Indicates that as one situation progresses, another situation intensifies or changes accordingly.

-(으)면 -(으)ㄹ수록: Builds on -(으)ㄹ수록 by adding a conditional clause (-(으)면) to describe a scenario where the intensity or frequency increases depending on a certain condition being met.

These patterns are useful for expressing varying degrees of change or uncertainty in Korean sentences.

Grammar explanations and sentences from web page link below