Easter Offensive
Dates: 30 March 1972 - October 1972
Area of Operation: I Corps provinces; Binh Long Province; Central Highlands
Allied Units: South Vietnamese military (ARVN, VNN, VNMC, VNAF), USAF, USN
Allied Casualties: ARVN 10000 KIA, 33000 WIA, 3500 MIA
Enemy Units: 14 NVA divisions
Enemy Casualties: Estimated up to 100,000 killed
Objective: To deal a decisive blow against South Vietnam with a three pronged attack. To force the US to peace negotiations that would result in favorable terms for North Vietnam.
Significance/Notes:
North Vietnamese troops used conventional warfare tactics on a level not previously seen in their fight to conquer South Vietnam. This included the use of T-54 tanks and other advanced weaponry from the Soviet Union and China. Large quantities of these tanks and the large-caliber artillery would be destroyed or captured.
Leaders in North Vietnam believed that the anti-war sentiment in the US would prevent Pres. Nixon from sending more American troops back into Vietnam. Ultimately they hoped it would force Nixon to negotiate peace with terms favorable to the DRV.
Nixon did retaliate militarily through the commencement of Operation Linebacker I, bombing North Vietnam, and also ordered the mining of Haiphong Harbor.
Due to the withdrawal of American forces, most units the NVA faced were ARVN units. Though ARVN units in the northern provinces were overrun, they held elsewhere with the aid of American airpower and military advisers.
Held more territory in South Vietnam than at any previous point. Though the blow had not been as devastating as intended and ARVN units held in many areas, the North Vietnamese leadership still considered the offensive to be successful and believed they now had a stronger position at the bargaining table.
Sources:
Vietnam War Almanac by James H. Willbanks
The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History edited by Spencer C Tucker
Dictionary of the Vietnam War edited by James S. Olson
Images: [map], [1], [2], [3]
Further Reading:
Trial By Fire: The 1972 Easter Offensive, America’s Last Vietnam Battle by Dale Andrade
The Easter Offensive: The Last American Advisors, Vietnam, 1972 by Col. Gerald H. Turley
The Easter Offensive, Vietnam 1972. Volume 1: Invasion across the DMZ by Albert Grandolini
The Easter Offensive, Vietnam 1972. Volume 2: Tanks in the streets by Albert Grandolini
“The Easter Offensive of 1972: A Failure to Use Intelligence” by WR Baker
