On Nested Systems
Quoting: http://www.stewardshipinstitute.info/wiki/index.php?title=Nested_systems
Central to Feibleman's laws is that assumption that big complicated things are made up of smaller things that are made up of smaller things. Each of these things he calls an organization. This is not daring stuff. Particles make atoms make elements, make structures, make cells, make organs, make organisms, make communities, make ecosystems. Simple. So here come the laws:
Each scale of organization organizes the smaller scales, but also has unique emergent properties. While the forest affects what trees grow where, the forest itself has properties that are uniquely provided only when trees grow in groups.
Complexity increases as you try to understand larger and larger scales of organization. The forest is more complicated that a single tree, as forest is made of hundreds of individual trees interacting over time. So far so good.
The larger scales of organization depend on the smaller scales. So in order to have a forest you need trees, if you cut down all the trees you don't have a forest. Check.
However the smaller scales of organization are controlled by larger scale patterns. So where and how a tree grows is strongly affected by the structure created by the collective of trees known as a forest. Kind of the inverse of three.
Thus for any particular scale of organization, its purpose is defined by larger scale systems, but its mechanisms are defined by smaller scale systems. Just as Brubaker instructed me, to understand what the forest is responding to (its purpose) you need to understand a landscape of microclimates and disturbances. To understand how it responds you must understand the physiology and life history of individual trees. That wraps together three and four.
A disturbance at a particular scale reverberates through all other scales, though Feibleman himself suggests that some organizations are more tightly integrated than others.
At higher and higher levels of organization, the ability to change the organization itself can occur with increasing speed. What?! So, the cell of a tree may take millennia to alter its form through genetic selection. The structure of a forest can change with a single wind storm. Big complicated things are fragile.
There are greater numbers of small organizations than large organizations. Good easy again, there are more trees than forests.
You cannot fully explain the larger organization by examining its smaller constituents. There are properties unique to the configuration and composition of trees within a stand that are not explainable by looking at a single tree, pointing to the fundamental risk of reductionism.
The properties of a level of organization distort the structure of smaller levels. He's getting a little weird again. The climate created by a forest can affect the growth, form and survival of individual trees.
An event at any scale of an organization affects all other levels. A perhaps excessively nuanced extension of rule six.
Whenever an organization is affected it in turn has an effect. Creating the potential for feedbacks, and cycles.
Feibleman goes on to talk about levels within levels, and non-linear branching patterns of levels. His proclamations are directly cited in 156 subsequent publications and likely influenced a generation of thinkers. I spent nine years being indoctrinated in Feibleman's laws without knowing where they came from. Feibleman's Theory of Integrative Levels influenced psychology, neurology, electronics, ecology, as well as information and business management.
