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The CDM is one of the flexible instruments under the Kyoto Protocol for mitigating GHG emissions. The mechanism stimulates sustainable development and emission reductions, while giving industrialised countries some flexibility in how they meet their emission reduction limitation targets. The matter of sampling for a PoA, with its high number of projects and appliances included, becomes even more relevant than for single CDM project activities. The key objective of this Sampling Manual is to support CDM project developers (participants) and stakeholders responsible for the sampling for monitoring in providing guidance on how to choose the right sampling approach.

This Summary for Policymakers presents key findings from the Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX). The SREX approaches the topic by assessing the scientific literature on issues that range from the relationship between climate change and extreme weather and climate events (‘climate extremes’) to the implications of these events for society and sustainable development. The assessment concerns the interaction of climatic, environmental, and human factors that can lead to impacts and disasters, options for managing the risks posed by impacts and disasters, and the important role that non-climatic factors play in determining impacts. Box SPM.1 defines concepts central to the SREX.

Open access has had a great influence on science and scholarship in the developing world, and yet many developing countries, including India, have not enthusiastically adopted open access. Developing countries remain developing largely because they often do not take advantage of such opportunities. This paper discusses open access in India. It begins with a brief introduction to scholarly communication, which is what open access is essentially about. It also sets the context by providing a brief overview of the status of science in India.

This paper outlines the findings and implications from a study which investigated the use of learning management system functionalities to enhance the experience of students undertaking cooperative education placements (CEP). The aims of this research were to investigate these questions.1. How effective are the current ICT and teaching approaches being utilized in coordinating cooperative education learners and facilitating their learning? 2. What are the issues for the cooperative education learners and coordinators using Blackboard7 as an online learning and management tool? 3. What are the pedagogical principles that enhance cooperative education learning through the use of modern ICT? 4. What are the forms of ICT that could support these pedagogical principles?

This paper discusses the role of women in Thai community radio, how radio can be a public space for women, women’s approaches to radio technology, and women’s programmes in community radio.

This article is about the diffusion of the Internet, an ICT innovation, in a sub-urban community in Malaysia. This study supports the diffusion of innovation theory, which says that an innovation perceived to have an added advantage, better than existing technology, would be adopted. This article presents a study of the diffusion of the internet among a sub-urban community on the east coast of peninsular Malaysia. The outcome of the study implies acceptance of public sector initiatives by the people.

Thailand’s ICT development and usage has continuously increased. The area which requires further attention is the ICT personnel both in terms of quantity as well as quality, along with the improvement of national ICT governance. Otherwise, these will become obstacle for the development of other activities, since these two issues are fundamental factors for development.

In order to spur progress on energy efficiency, the IEA recommended the adoption of specific energy efficiency policy measures to the G8 at their summits in 2006, 2007 and 2008. These collective recommendations became known as the 'IEA 25 energy efficiency recommendations,' covering seven priority areas: cross-sectoral activity, buildings, appliances, lighting, transport, industry and utilities. In 2009 the IEA conducted an evaluation of member-country implementation of the recommendations. This was followed up in 2011 with a second evaluation, the results of which are published in this working paper. Findings indicate that significant unexploited energy saving opportunities remain and could be achieved via additional energy efficiency policy implementation. It also highlights that sharing experience with implementing energy efficiency policies will accelerate energy efficiency improvement worldwide and transform markets for energy-efficient technologies.