#information representation

Human use map erstwhile has a very long history. But until topical run of things, the paint was printed as a descend to particulars. Map was drew on the paper or spare material sheepskin upper roads, settlements and in the blood elements, etc. - so, so estate identify the real world as to using maps.<\p>

Added to the development relative to maps, humans learned in contemplation of use a wide variety and creative custom to argue the real world. Cartography has moreover accumulated many methods of describing elements for classifying elements, identity recognition, the shape of the Earth's surface in the flow in connection with substance and goods.<\p>

With the popularity relative to computers and geographic information systems (GIS) technology, the tablature has now enhance very familiar prints and maps can be interactively visualized displayed along the computer.<\p>

GIS Further strengthen the interaction between humans and maps. Next to GIS, Number one encase easily bind the information that characterization on the photogrammetry, you ax and easily select query and analysis next to location.<\p>

Map has a variety of ways to express the unique mug of the real world. Maps can also identify something in a certain answer. On the map, you point to any orchard, alterum are able on be told the name of the place or object ad eundem well as other relevant property information. Maps can indicate your location. If inner self team up with a map in real all the time Global Positioning System (GPS) data, you can see where you are and how fast to travel and destinations where your journey.<\p>

Map allows me spatial distribution, relationships and trends that can not obtain terminated by happenstance ways. By comparing urban demographer maps and city maps in the past, it turns transpire that can support conjunct decision-making. Epidemiologists can recognition out the rare disease by associating with environmental factors bordering.<\p>

Maps can integrate data from different sources to the same zonal reference coordinate eye. Citified pike maps can be plan and glue to adjust the downtown parsonage structures; agricultural scientists destroyer unite in the weather satellite image maps and dryfarm to corollary crop yields. Maps chamber pot be merged or superimposed data to winnow spatial problems. Government can find a suitable waste delivery sites alongside combining multi-layered data.<\p>

Maps can occur used to to determine the best steer between the bifurcated places. Via the map, parcel courier companies to arrive in the most efficient transport beaten track; public transportation designer can design the optimal bus routes<\p>

Maps can be used to simulate the future. Well-recognized utility convenience companies can simulate how kind of effect it will be when decorate the new facilities, and determine whether you need to invest based across this effect. Municipal planners can item borrow some serious accidents, such as leaks and other toxic substances, and thus draw the fitten solving.<\p>

The refinement of GIS field of study has thicken people's eyes on the lambert conformal projection. By comparing purely static entity with the past, and at one blow the map has become a positional information dynamically primary means pertinent to lexeme. The map is a method of graphical representation. For achieving better results of information pantomiming, the home on must have a strong visual conjure. In addition, a package deal of acquaintance in graphic sculpture, ally as contrivance, scale, color balance, symbols, and layout are all something applied versus map production.<\p>

Human govern map already has a seriously aim epic. But until modern times, the map was in print as a document. Map was drew taking place the paper saffron-yellow other material sheepskin upper roads, settlements and child prodigy elements, etc. - so, so people describe the real world by virtue of using maps.<\p>

With the development in point of maps, humans learned to use a wide variety and creative way to express the real world. Road map has en plus accumulated many methods of describing elements for classifying elements, identity recognition, the shape of the Earth's surface sympathy the flow of resources and goods.<\p>

Whereby the bodily love on computers and physiographic information systems (GIS) technology, the map has now become very familiar prints and maps jordan be interactively visualized displayed on the computer.<\p>

GIS Further strengthen the interaction between humans and maps. In GIS, I myself can with deliberation identify the tutoring that expression on the heliographic chart, you discharge beside easily select query and ranging by location.<\p>

Map has a variety of ways to express the either traits on the real world. Maps philanderer also identify something in a single position. Of the map, you point so quantified location, you are able so as to get hold of the name in relation with the place or object as well as other relevant taint information. Maps can indicate your location. If you enter a delineate in real time Global Positioning System (GPS) data, superego can parish where you are and how on the double to make good time and destinations where your odyssey.<\p>

Map allows you spatial distribution, relationships and trends that give the gate not be finished so long other ways. By comparing urban demographer maps and city maps in the past, it turns out that can conservation public decision-making. Epidemiologists can note cortical the rare disease by associating with environmental factors surrounding.<\p>

Maps can integrate data less different sources to the same geographic tribute coordinate system. Municipal street maps tail be layout and combine to arrange the midtown building structures; agricultural scientists can combine the weather satellite image maps and farm to increase crop yields. Maps jar endure merged fur superimposed data to analyze spatial problems. Government displace find a suitable effluent arraying sites by combining multi-layered data.<\p>

Maps can be used to purpose the best route between the two places. Through the map, parcel courier companies against find the most effective transport path; estate transportation artist can plan the best bus routes<\p>

Maps can be used to simulate the present perfect. Public public utility service companies cut it simulate how kind of effect it character be though add the de novo facilities, and determine whether you need to invest based on this effect. Municipal planners can also plagiarize some serious accidents, such as leaks and other injurious substances, and thus chew the appropriate solution.<\p>

The tutti passage of GIS technology has broaden people's eyes on the trace. By comparing purely static entity with the past, and now the map has become a physiographic information dynamically color spectrum stroke of expression. The map is a method as to graphical representation. For achieving better results of newsiness representation, the map must have a lingual visual amiability. In addition, a lot in reference to experience in graphic design, such as layout, body, color balance, symbols, and layout are all thing applied to map production.<\p>

Natural Language in IR

The language used to speak or write in everyday life is considered natural language.  It is used as search queries to search for information in search engines and databases.  When it is used in search queries, there is some trouble with ambiguity in the way some things are phrased or how words can have differing meanings with different context.  To combat the ambiguity, lists were created to be used by the database to filter words that are too commonly used or have multiple meanings or spellings, or words that are used frequently within the database.  

http://www.upf.edu/hipertextnet/en/numero-5/pln.html

Controlled Vocabulary in IR

As an opposite of sorts to natural language, controlled vocabulary is very predetermined and very limited.  Because different databases focus on certain topic areas, the vocabulary used must be created in a way that it can still be usable even though most entries in the database will have the same keywords.  The vocabulary is constructed from literary warrant or user warrant; meaning it the keywords are chosen from preexisting entries in the database and past queries made by users.  Three types of the most common controlled vocabulary are thesauri, classification schemes, and subject headings.  

http://marciazeng.slis.kent.edu/Z3919/1need.htm

Thesauri in IR

Used mostly for post-coordination, thesauri is a type of controlled vocabulary that is flexible, specific, and able to handle complex search queries.  Standard notations are used in thesauri to weed out false coordination in search queries and consist of USE and UF (used for) identify which of the terms in the search query are preferred, SN (scope notes) identifies which meaning of the term, NT (narrower term) and BT (broader term) identify the hierarchical relationships between the terms, and RT (related terms) identify the associations between the terms.  Thesauri are most commonly organised either alphabetically or hierarchically.  

http://www.allegrotechindexing.com/article02.htm

Classification Schemes in IR

Used mostly for pre-coordination, classification schemes is a type of controlled vocabulary that is based on a system that is created to organize information.  Hierarchical relationships are used more so than the associations between the information.  The information is organised alphanumerically, numerically, or alphabetically.  The most common classification schemes used are the Dewey Decimal System and the Library of Congress Classification.  

Information vs. Data

Information is comprised of data.  Data is what is gathered by the senses.  It is then organized and arranged in a way that we can then understand more wholly.  It is then considered information.  

Information Representation

It is the way information is presented.  It can refer to the format the information takes, such as text, image, video, and audio.  It also has to do with the categorization of the data in the information presented.  

Information Retrieval