#hydrothermal

Dallol hydrothermal field - Danakil Depression of Ethiopia

Chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂) is the most important copper ore on earth, and also the most likely sulfide to get mistaken for gold — but under a loupe it gives itself away. Pyrite forms sharp cubes; chalcopyrite forms these rounded, brassy blobs that slowly tarnish into rainbow iridescence as the surface oxidizes. This cluster from Jiangxi sits on a bed of drusy quartz, which is a common association — both minerals precipitate from hot hydrothermal fluids moving through fractures, just at slightly different points in the cooling sequence.

It's time for another OOAK skein! "Hydrothermal" 💧💛🌱 Yellow & peachy browns fade into a range of greens, broken by hits of brilliant blue, on our Radiant Sock base. Find it on our website today!

Octo-ber #11: The Vent Octopus (or Hot Water Volcano Octopus) is endemic to hydrothermal vents, so it can survive temperatures up to 91 degrees Celsius! It lives in darkness, so it has no need for chromatophores or ink sacs.

Danakil Depression, Ethiopia (©OLIVIER GRUNEWALD)

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These rocks have all experienced hydrothermal alteration and contact metamorphism. The 1.4 billion year old Velkerri Formation from Australia is an organic rich mudstone. Some time after burial and lithification, the rock was intruded by hydrothermal fluids that caused metallic sulphide, and ferrous carbonate + quartz mineralisation. I think some maybe related to the intrusion of dolerite around 1.2 billon years ago, and some related to basin inversion around 800 million years ago. The mineralisation and contact metamorphism is widespread but in some areas is subtle and only visible on the microscopic scale. The velkerri formation is the basis for much of what we know about marine chemistry during the early evolution of eukaryotic life. Several important geochemical studies sampled the velkerri formation and used the pyrite in particular to show that the oceans 1.4 billion years ago were low in oxygen and rich in sulphur. This environmental state is thought to have been a major barrier to the development of more complex eukarotes. However, the hydrothermal and contact metamorphic alteration, in particular the micro scale alteration were unknown when these studies were conducted. As these previous studies used bulk sampling methods, it's likely that they unknowingly sampled the later sulphides which will have influenced the results and the interpretations of the previous researchers. This does not mean the previous work is bad and should be disregarded. Simply that the results should be reinterpreted inlight of this new information. That is how science is supposed to work. It is self revising and correcting. That is how science advances and improves. However, getting paper reviewers to understand and accept this is another thing entirely. I'm currently revising this work after a rejection. So let's see if the next version is enough to get the paper out. 😉 #geologyjohnson #geology #geologyrocks #pyrite #blackshale #shale #ore #hydrothermal #igneous #dolerite #metamorphism #science #sciencerocks #earthscience #naturalhistory https://www.instagram.com/p/CdaMy8-sFoZ/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

The colourful hydrothermal Dallol terraces, found 127 meters below sea level. The colours change from white and lime green to yellow, orange and red, due to the inorganic iron oxidation. Life is yet to be found surviving within these hyper-acidic 108°C pools.