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The Records of Rites declare: “In the southern region called Man, they engrave their foreheads and criss-cross their toes [jiaozhi].” In their customs, men and women bathe together in the streams, and for that reason it says they criss-cross their toes. West of them is the state of the devouring people. At the birth of the first child, they immediately dismember and eat it, they speak of it as proper for the younger brothers. If the taste is delightful, they present it to their lord. The lord loves it and rewards their father. If they acquire a beautiful wife, they relinquish her to their older brother. Now the Wuhu people are as such.

South of Jiaozhi there is the state of Yuechang. When the Duke of Zhou had held the administration for six years, regulating the rites and making music, Under Heaven was in harmony and at peace. Yuechang used three images[elephants?] and repeating translators, and then presented a white pheasant, saying:

The roads and paths are remote and distant, the mountains and streams are rocky and deep, news and envoys do not pass through. For that reason we came to court with repeating translators.

King Cheng turned it over to the Duke of Zhou. The Duke said:

If virtue does not increase from it, a lordly man does not make banquet of its material. If government is not carried out with it, a lordly man does not make a vassal [?] of its person. Why am I getting this bestowal!

Their envoy requested, saying:

I received instructions from the yellowed elders of my state who said: “Long ago, when the sky had nothing of violent wind, rain or thunder, suppose that the Central States had a sagely person? If they had, why not go court with it.”

The Duke of Zhou therefore turned it over to the King. He declared the Previous King's spirit had brought it, and so offered it to the Ancestral Temple. Zhou's virtue had already declined, and so little by little was cut off.

When the Count of Chu claimed hegemony, the court offered tribute [sic?] to the Hundred Yue. Qin united Under Heaven, their power received submission from the Man barbarians, and first began to lead the outside. They set up Nanhai, Guilin, and Xiang commanderies. When Han arose, Commandant Tuo installed himself as King of Nanyue [“Southern Yue”], and handed down the state for five generations. Arriving at Emperor Wu's 5th Year of Yuanding [112 BC], he then wiped them out, divided it up and set up nine commanderies, with the Inspector of Jiaozhi being charge of them.

[The history of Nanyue had already been told in some detail in the Shiji and Hanshu.]

Its Zhuya and Dan'er commanderies were located on an island in the sea, a thousand li from east to west, and five hundred li from south to north. Their chieftains prized long ears, everyone pierced and hung them down with cords hanging down to three cun [from?] the shoulders. At the end of Emperor Wu's reign, the Grand Warden of Zhuya, Sun Xing of Kuaiji, mustered broad-width cloth to present to him. The Man did not tolerate service, and thereupon attacked the commandery and killed Xing. Xing's son Bao combined and led the good people to turn back and repeatedly rout them. He took charge himself of the commandery affairs, and chastised and struck the remnants of the faction. For continuous years there therefore was peace. Bao dispatched envoys to seal up and return the seal and ribbon, and sent up a letter telling the circumstances. An authorizing decree took up Bao as Grand Warden of Zhuya. With powerful government and great actions, the presented instructions yearly arrived. The Central States coveted their precious gifts, and gradually became intrusive and insulting. For that reason, in general for several years they rebelled as one. Emperor Yuan's 3rd Year of Chuyuan [46 BC], he thereupon abolished it. Altogether the commandery was established for sixty-five years.

Coming upon Wang Mang assisting the government, in the 2nd Year of Yuanshi [2 AD], the state of Huangzhi to the south of Ri'nan came to present a rhinoceros. Everywhere which was administered by Jiaozhi, although there has been set up commanderies and counties, the language is always different. They have to repeat translations and then communicate. The people are like birds and beast, and old or young is not distinguished. They have their hair in neck-buns and walk barefooted. They use cloth to make go through the head and wear it. Later migrated quite a few criminals from the Central States, and made them mingle and dwell in their midst. Then bit by bit they understood the language, and gradually there was reform of their customs.

At Guangwu's restoration, Xi Guang had Jiaozhi and Ren Yan defended Jiuzhen. Hence they taught them ploughing and sowing, regulated there to be caps and shoes. They began to set up matchmaking and betrothals, and they started to understand marriage and weddings. They founded and erected school houses, to guide them in courtesy and righteousness.

12th Year of Jianwu [36 AD], a Man Li from outside the Jiuzhen frontier, Zhangyou, led his kindred people who had long desired to reform to belong inside. He was ennobled as Li Lord who Return to the Han. Next Year [37 AD], Man barbarians from outside the Nanyue frontier presented white pheasant and white hare.

[According to Li Xian's commentary, li里 was a title among the Man.]

Arriving at the 16th Year [40 AD], a woman from Jiaozhi, Zhengce, and her younger sister, Zheng'er, rebelled and attacked the commandery. Zhengce was the daughter of Miling county's Luo general. She was given as wife to a native of Zhugou, Shi Suo, and was very bold and brave. The Grand Warden of Jiaozhi, Su Ding, used the law to restrain her. Ce was angry, and for that reason she rebelled. Hence the Man Li of Jiuzhen, Rinan, and Hepu all responded to her, altogether roughly sixty-five walled places, and she established herself as King. The Inspector of Jiaozhi and the various Grand Wardens only managed to defend themselves. Guangwu therefore decreed that Changsha, Hepu, and Jiaozhi were to provide carts and ships, repair the roads and bridges, open up barriers in the stream beds, and store up provisions and grain.

18th Year [42 AD], dispatched the General who Hides away the Waves, Ma Yuan, and the General of Towering Ships, Duan Zhi, to issue out from Changsha, Guiyang, Lingling, and Cangwu with more than ten thousand troops and chastise them.

Next Year, Summer, 4th Month [26 April 43 – 25 May 43], Yuan routed Jiaozhi, and beheaded Zhengce, Zheng'er, and others. The remainder all surrendered and scattered. He advanced to strike the thieves of Jiuzhen, Du Yang and others, routed and took their surrender, and moved their chieftains, more than three hundred mouths, to Lingling. Hence Lingbao was thoroughly pacified.

[Lingbao refers to the far south. The “outer” (i.e. southern) side of the mountain passes.]

Suzong's 1st Year of Yuanhe [84 AD], jiubushi people and town notables from Man barbarians outside the Rinan frontier presented live rhinoceros and white pheasant.

[According to Li Xian, jiubushiren究不事人 was a title among the Man.]

Emperor He's 12th Year of Yongyuan, Summer, 4th Month [27 April 100 – 25 April 100], Man barbarians from Xianglin in Rinan, more than two thousand people, robbed and plundered the hundred families and burnt the public offices. The commandery and county issued out troops to chastise and strike. They beheaded their chieftain[s], and the remaining multitudes then surrendered. Hence they set up a Senior Clerk Commanding Troops for Xianglin, to fend off their troubles.

Emperor An's 1st Year of Yongchu [107 AD], Yelang Man barbarians from outside the Jiuzhen frontier lifted up their land to belong inside, expanding the region with 1 840 li.

2nd Year of Yuanchu [115 AD], the Man barbarians of Cangwu turned to rebellion. Next Year [116 AD], they thereupon recruited and persuaded Man and Han from Yulin and Hepu, several thousand people, to attack Cangwu commandery. Empress Dowager Deng dispatched the Attendant Steering Clerk Ren Chuo to receive a decree to pardon them. The thieves all surrendered and scattered.

1st Year of Yanguang [122 AD], Man from outside the Jiuzhen frontier presented tribute to belong inside.

3rd Year [124 AD], Man from outside the Rinan frontier also came to belong inside.

Emperor Shun's 6th Year of Yongjian [131 AD], the King of Yediao, Bian, [?] from outside the Rinan frontier, readily dispatched envoys to present tribute. The Emepror bestowed on Diao Bian [?] golden seal with purple ribbon.

2nd Year of Yonghe [137 AD], Man barbarians from outside the frontier of Xianglin in Rinan, Qulin and others, several thousand people, attacked Xianglin county, burnt the city and courtyards, and killed the senior magistrate. The Inspector of Jiaozhi, Fan Yan, issued out troops from Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen commanderies, more than ten thousand people, to save them. The troops and soldiers dreaded far-away service. They thereupon rebelled and attacked their offices. The two commanderies had struck and routed those who rebelled, but the thieves skilfully moved and flourished. It happened that the Steering Clerk Jia Chang was on a mission in Rinan. He promptly combined strength with the province and commandery to chastise them, but did not overcome, and thereupon he became attacked. He was besieged for the remainder of the year, and his troops and grain were not added to. The Emperor considered it persistent concern.

Next Year [138 AD], he summoned the excellencies, dignitaries, hundred officials, and the staff of the Four Offices, and asked about their methods and plans. Everyone opined todispatch a great general, and issue out from Jing, Yang, Yan, and Yu forty thousand people to hurry there. The Central Gentleman Assisting in Affairs to the Great General, Li Gu, rebutted, saying:

Suppose Jing and Yang have no affairs, then issuing out from them is possible. Now in the two provinces, bandits and thieves are tightly entwined and do not scatter. In Wuling and Nan commandery, the Man barbarians are not yet put in order. In Changsha and Guiyang, several times there has been recruitments for issuing out. If again there is harassment and agitation, it will surely further give birth to trouble. It is impossible, the First.

Also if the footsoldiers of Yan and Yu are recruited and issued out, to proceed far way, ten thousand li, nobody will be coming back at the appointed time. A written decree to coerce and press will surely cause disobedience and desertions. It is impossible, the Second.

In the southern provinces the water and land is warm and hot, and addition they have pestilent air. It surely cause the death of four or five out of ten. It is impossible, the Third.

After wading far away across ten thousand li, the officers and soldiers will be exhausted from the toil. By the time they arrive south of the mountain passes, they will not then be capable of fighting. It is impossible, the Fourth.

An army travels thirty li to make a stage, but the distance to Rinan is more than nine thousand li. Three hundred days until arrival, with the calculated grain ration per person of five sheng, will use 600 000 hu of rice. There are no calculations for food of the generals and functionaries donkeys and horses, merely for the carried armour they bring themselves, the expenditure will easily be similar to this. It is impossible, the Fifth.

Assuming the army arrives there, the dead and gone will surely be a multitude, they will already be insufficient to hold out against the enemy, and we must then issue out once more. This is to carve and cut apart heart and belly to mend the four limbs. It is impossible, the Sixth.

Jiuzhen and Rinan are a thousand li from each other. To issue out their magistrates and people [we were] even still not capable of. Who much more then does it pain for the soldiers of four provinces to proceed with the difficulties of ten thousand li! It is impossible, the Seventh.

Earlier, when the Commander of the Central Gentlemen, Yin Jiu, chastised the rebellious Qiang of Yi province, a Yi province proverb said: “The scoundrels coming is still tolerable, Yin coming will kill me.” Afterwards, Jiu was summoned back, with the troops turned over to the Inspector, Zhang Qiao. Qiao, owing to his generals and magistrates, and in a ten-day or month's time routed the and wiped out the bandits and scoundrels. This was the result of issuing out generals without benefit, and the proof that the provinces and commanderies can be relied on. We ought to once more select those are braver, planning, humane, kind and reliable in commanding forces, use them as Inspectors and Grand Wardens, and fully send them together to dwell in Jiaozhi.

Now in Rinan, the troops are depleted and without grain, for defence they are already insufficient, and battle is also infeasible. We can for each and every one of them move their magistrates and people north to fall back on Jiaozhi, and after affairs have quieted, again instruct them to return to their base. Instead we levy Man barbarians, and cause them to attack each other, and move and haul gold and silks to use as their supplies. Those who are able to turn around in their midst [?] and bring their leaders' heads, we authorize the rewards of ennoblement as marquises with partitioned land.

Assuredly, the Inspector of Bing province, Zhu Liang of Changsha, who by nature is very brave and decisive, and Zhang Qiao of Nanyang, who previously in Yi province had merits in routing the scoundrels, both can be relied upon and employed. In the past, Taizong hurried to promote Wei Shang to be Warden of Yunzhong, and Emperor Ai forthwith designated Gong She as Grand Warden of Taishan. We ought to forthwith designate Liang and others, officials of the practised way.

The Four Offices fully followed Gu's opinion, and forthwith designated Zhu Liang as Grand Warden of Jiuzhen and Zhang Qiao as Inspector of Jiaozhi. When Qiao arrived, and began to show comforting persuasion, everyone altogether surrendered and scattered. When Liang came to Jiuzhen, he entered among the thieves in a single chariot, laid out his methods and plans, and incited them with his awe-inspiring words. Those who surrendered were several ten thousand people, everyone made Liang build and erect office houses. Following that Outside the Mountain Passes was again at peace.

1st Year of Jiankang [144 AD], the Man barbarians of Rinan, more than a thousand people, again attacked and burnt the counties and towns, and thereupon fomented and agitated in Jiuzhen, joining up and connecting with each other. The Inspector of Jiaozhi, Xia Fang of Jiujiang, was open-minded and gracious, he incited and persuaded and the thieves all surrendered and submitted. At the time Empress Dowager Liang presided over court. She was pleased with Fang's merits, and transferred him to be Grand Warden of Guiyang.

Emperor Huan's 3rd Year of Yongshou [157 AD], the Prefect of Jufeng was greedy and brutal and without measures. People of the county, Zhu Da and others, and the Man barbarians assembled together, and attacked and killed the county prefect. Their multitudes reached four or five thousand people. They advanced to attack Jiuzhen, and the Grand Warden of Jiuzhen, Ni Shi, died in battle. A decree bestowed 600 000 cash, and designated two his sons as Gentlemen. Dispatched the Chief Commandant of Jiuzhen, Wei Lang, to chastise and rout them. He cut off two thousand heads, but the chieftains still guarded and occupied Rinan, their multitudes being increasingly strong and abundant.

3rd Year of Yanxi [160 AD], a decreed again designated Xia Fang as Inspector of Jiaozhi. Fang's power and kindness was habitually on display, and when the thieves who were staying in Rinan heard about it, more than twenty thousand people led each other to go to Fang and surrender.

Emperor Ling's 3rd Year of Jianning [170 AD], the Grand Warden of Yulin, Gu Yong, used gracious words to incite surrender among the Wuhu people, more than a hundred thousand, to belong inside. Everyone accepted cap and girdle, and he commenced setting up seven counties.

2nd Year of Xiping, Winter, 12th Month [20 January 174 – 18 February 174], states outside the Rinan frontier presented tribute through repeated translators.

1st Year of Guanghe [178 AD], the Wuhu Man of Jiaozhi and Hepu turned to rebellion, and incited and persuaded Jiuzhen and Rinan. Combined they were several ten thousand people, and they attacked and subdued the commanderies and counties.

4th Year [181 AD], the Inspector, Zhu Jun, struck and routed them.

Formerly the Gaoxin clan had robbers of the Quan [“Dog”] Rong. The Emperor worried about their intrusions and savageries, and campaigned and attacked, but did not overcome. Then he inquired and enlisted Under Heaven, he who was able to obtain the head of the Quan Rong's general, the Wu General, he would reward with a thousand yi of yellow gold and a town of ten thousand families, and also marry him to a young daughter. At the time the Emperor had a tame dog, its fur had five different colours, and it was called Panhu. After the order was issued, Panhu then, holding in his mouth a person's head, came to the gatehouse. The crowd of vassals were curious and examined it, and then it was the Wu General's head.

The Emperor was greatly pleased, yet assessed that Panhu could not be married to the daughter, and also that it was not the Way of ennobling with feudal rank. He discussed his wish to make recompense, but knew not yet what was proper. The daughter heard about it, and considered that when the imperial sovereign had issued an order, it was impossible to disobey the words, and because of that requested to go. The Emperor could not avoid it, and therefore used the daughter to pair with Panhu.

Panhu got the daughter, carried her on his back, and then ran to enter the southern mountains, halting within a stone chamber. The place was perilous and steep, traces of people did not reach there. Hence the daughter loosened and left her upper and lower garments, made connections with servants and nobodies, and wore clothes of her own making. The Emperor grieved and thought about her, and dispatched messengers to seek and search for them. Immediately they were met with wind, rain, thunderclaps and darkness. The messengers could not advance.

Three years passed, and they begot twelve children, six boys and six girls. Following from after Panhu died, they made husbands and wives of each other. They wove and spun with wood and hides, and dyed with grass and fruits. They were fond of five coloured clothes and dress, and tailored and trimmed everything to have tail shapes. Their mother later returned home and so the circumstances were made clear to the Emperor. And so messengers welcomed and delivered her various children.

Upper and lower garments that were dappled and purple-white [?] in their speech was called zhuli. They were fond of entering mountains and ravines and were not happy in the level and broad. The Emperor went along with their opinions, and bestowed on them famous mountains and broad marshes.

Their descendants multiplied and spread out, they are called the Man barbarians. On the outside they are simpletons but inside they are cunning, they are secure in their lands and put weight on the past. Since their ancestral father had merit, and their mother was the Emperor's daughter, they work the fields, and buy and sell, without handing over tallies at the passes and bridges or levying of taxes and duties. There are lords and chiefs of their towns, all have been bestowed seals with ribbons, for caps they use otter skin. They name their chieftains jingfu [“Finest Man”?], and refer to each other as yangtu. Now the Man of Changsha and Wuling are as such.

When was Yu of Tang, they made compacts and pledges with him, for that reason it was called the Compact Domain. In the time of Xia and Shang, they gradually became a border trouble. Coming to the era of Zhou, their partisan multitudes were extensive and abundant. At the restoration of King Xuan [c. 827 – 782 BC], he therefore instructed Fangshu to launch a southern offensive in the Man region, what people in the Poetry speaks of as “Man in Jing came in awe.” It also says: “The stupid Man in Jing, the great nation made them enemies.” It clarifies that their partisan multitudes were replete and many, and so resisted and opposed the various Xia.

At King Ping's [r. 770 – 720 BC], move east, the Man thereupon intruded on savaged a superior state. Marquis Wen of Jin [r. 780 – 746 BC] therefore led Marquis Gong of Cai [r. 761 – 760 BC] to strike and rout them. Arriving at the time of King Wu of Chu [r. 740 – 690 BC], the Man and the Count of Luo together defeated the host of Chu, and killed their general Qu Xia. When King Zhuang [r. 613 – 591 BC] began to be installed, the population was starving and the troops were weak, so they repeatedly made robberies. The Chu host was just then risen, afterwards they therefore yielded. From that point they then were subordinate to Chu. At the service of Yanling [575 BC], the Man combined with King Gong to strike Jin. When Wu Qi assisted King Dao [r. 401 – 381 BC], they to the south annexed the Man and Yue, and thereupon had Dongting and Cangwu.

King Zhao of Qin [r. 306 – 251 BC] sent Bai Qi to attack Chu, he roughly took the Man barians, and first set up Qianzhong commandery. When Han rose up, they caned it to be Wuling. They yearly ordered great people to deliver one bolt of cloth, and lesser mouth two zhang, this was spoken of as cong cloth. Although they at the time were robbing and stealing, they were yet insufficient to be a trouble for the commanderies and states.

At Guangwu's restoration, the Man barbarians of Wuling were especially thriving. 23rd Year of Jianwu [47 AD], the Jingfu Xiangshancheng and others occupied its defiles and narrow passes, and greatly robbed the commanderies and counties. Dispatched the General of Martial Awe, Liu Shang to issue out from Nan commandery, Changsha and Wuling with more than ten thousand troops, and sail ships up the Yuan River to enter Wu Gorge and strike them. Shang made light of the enemy and entered the defiles. The mountains were deep and the river hasty, the boats and ships could not go up. The Man clans knew that Shang's provisions were inadequate for entering distant lands, and also that he was unaware of the roads' narrowness, and thereupon gathered and assembled to defend the defiles. Shang's food was exhausted, he withdrew and turned back. The Man hemmed the roads and paths to fight, and Shang's army was greatly defeated and became fully dissolved.

24th Year [48 AD], Xiangshancheng and others came down to attack Linyuan. Dispatched the Internuncio Li Song and the Grand Warden of Zhongshan, Ma Cheng, to strike them, but they were unable to overcome.

Next Year [49 AD], Spring, dispatched the General of Hidden Waves, Ma Yuan, the Commanders of the Central Gentlemen, Liu Kang, Ma Wu, Sun Yong, and others, to bring along troops and arrive at Linyuan. They struck and routed them. Xiangshancheng and others were starved and hemmed in, and begged to surrender. It happened that Yuan passed on from illness. The Internuncio Zong Jun heeded them fully and accepted the surrender. There was set up magistrates to supervise, and the crowd of Man thereupon were pacified.

Suzong's 1st Year of Jianchu [76 AD], the Man of Lizhong in Wuling, Chencong and others, turned to rebellion, and entered the boundaries of the Man of Lingyang. That Winter, [a?] Man Jintu of five villages among the Lingyang Man made the commandery strike and rout Cong. Cong and others all surrendered.

3rd Year [78 AD], Winter, the Man of Lüzhong, Qinnijian and others, again rebelled, and attacked and burned within the boundaries of Lingyang, Zuotang, and Chanling.

Next Year [79 AD], Spring, issued out from the seven commanderies in Jing provinces, and from convicts from Runan and Yingchuan more than five thousand officers and soldiers to ward them off and defend Lingyang. Levied and filled up four thousand people from among the five village Man Jintus who had not rebelled, and struck the Lizhong thieves.

5th Year [80 AD], Spring, Qinjijian and others requested surrender, it was not allowed. The commandery following that advanced the troops and fought with them at Hongxia. They greatly routed them, and cut off Jijian's head. The remnants all abandoned their camps to run and turn back to Lüzhong, and again dispatched to request to surrender. Therefore accepted it. Hence ceased with the stationing of troops in Wuling, and rewarded and bestowed each proportionally.

Emperor He's 4th Year of Yongyuan [92 AD], Winter, the Man of Lüzhong and Lizhong, Tanrong and others, rebelled. They burned the courier stations and watchtowers, and killed and plundered the magistrates and people. Commandery troops struck, routed, and took their surrender.

Emperor An's 2nd Year of Yuanchu [115 AD], the Man of Lizhong, as the commandery and county conscription and taxes lacked fairness, held fast to resentment and enmity. They thereupon joined together to fill up from among their various kind more than two thousand people, attacked the cities and killed the senior magistrates. The province and commanderies levied from the five village Man and six precincts troops to pursue and rout them, everyone scattered and surrendered. Bestowed on the five village and six precincts chieftains gold and silks each proportionally.

Next Year [116 AD], Autumn, the Man of Lüzhong and Lizhong, four thousand people, both became bandits and thieves. Also the Man of Lingling, Yang Sun, Chen Tang and others, more than a thousand people, wore red head-scarves, declared themselves Generals, burnt the public offices, and plundered and ransacked the hundred families. The province and commandery levied good Man to chastise and pacify them.

Emperor Shun's 1st Year of Yonghe [136 AD], the Grand Warden of Wuling sent up a letter, that since the Man barbarian leaders had submitted and could be compared to the people of Han, to increase their taxes and duties. Those who discussed it all considered it possible. The Prefect of the Masters of Writing, Yu Xu, alone memorialised, saying:

From ancient times, sage kings did not make vassals of those with different customs. No virtue is able to reach them, power is not able to increase. Thhy perceived their beastly hearts were greedy and covetous, and the difficulties in leading them with courtesy. Thus for that reason they bridled and haltered, and then soothed and consoled them. If they adhered, they accepted and did not go against them. If they rebelled, they let it go and did not pursue.

Previous emperors' old norm, that tributes and taxes be very few, is what have caused them to come for a long time. Now to suddenly increase them will surely make them resentful and rebellious. What will be gained from the plan does not repay what it will cost, and there is sure to be later regrets.

The Emperor did not follow. That Winter, the Man of Lizhong and Lüzhong as a result disputed the tribute cloth not being the old agreement. They thereupon killed the district magistrates, and raised up their kindred to turn to rebellion.

Next Year [137 AD], twenty thousand Man besieged Chongcheng, and eight thousand robbed Yidao. Dispatched the Grand Warden of Wuling, Li Jin, to chastise and rout them. He cut off several hundred heads, the remainder all surrendered and submitted. Jin then chose and selected good magistrates, and obtained their feelings and harmony. He was in the commandery for nine years. Empress Dowager Liang presided over the court, she sent down a decree to increase Jin's salary to two thousand shi, and bestow two hundred thousand cash.

Emperor Huan's 1st Year of Yuanjia [151 AD], Autumn, the Man of Luling, Zhanshan and others, more than four thousand people, turned to rebellion. They seized and apprehended the county prefects, and gathered and joined up deep in the mountains. Arriving at the 1st Year of Yongxing [153 AD], the Grand Warden, Ying Feng, used kindness and trust to invite and persuade them. Everyone fully surrendered and scattered.

3rd Year of Yongshou, 11th Month [19 December 157 – 1 January 158], the Man of Changsha turned to rebellion, and gathered at Yiyang. Arriving at the 3rd Year of Yanxi [160 AD], Autumn, they thereupon plundered and ransacked the commandery boundaries, their multitudes reaching more than ten thousand people, and they killed and injured the senior magistrates. Also the Man of Lingling entered Changsha.

Winter, the Man of Wuling, more than six thousand people, robbed Jiangling. The Inspector of Jing province, Liu Du, the Internuncio Ma Mu, and the Grand Warden of Nan commandery, Li Su, all ran and fled. Su's Master of Accounts, Hu Shuang, grabbed his horse's head to admonish, saying:

The Man barbarians saw the commandery had no warning or preparations, and for that reason dared to exploit the idleness and advance. The Bright Office-holder is the state's great vassal. Continuous cities for a thousand li raise the banners and beat the drums, and respond with the sound of a hundred thousand. How is it, that [you who] have been entrusted with the weight of tally and defence, yet has become a person who runs away and absconds.

Su pulled out his blade towards Shuang, and said:

The officials are hurrying to depart! The Grand Warden is now at a critical point, how is there time for this plan.

Shuang embraced the horse and firmly admonished. Su thereupon killed Shuang and fled. The Emperor heard about it, and summoned Su to be thrown away in the market. Du and Mu were reprieved from death by one grade. He remitted Shuang's gates and village, and designated one person from his family as Gentleman.

Hence used the Prefect of Enclosures of the Right, Du Shang, as Inspector of Jing province, to chastise the Changsha thieves, and pacify them. Also dispatched the General of Chariots and Cavalry, Feng Gun, to chastise the Man of Wuling. In both cases everyone surrendered and scattered.

The army turned back, and the thieves again robbed Guiyang. The Grand Warden, Liao Xi, ran and fled. The Man of Wuling likewise once more attacked their commandery. The Grand Warden, Chen Feng, led the magistrates to strike and rout them, and cut off more than three thousand heads. Those who surrendered were more than two thousand people.

The Man of Ba commandery and Nan commandery originally were five families: the Ba clan, the Shen clan, the Xiang clan, and the Zheng clan. All sprung from Wuluozhongli Mountain. That mountain had a red and a black cave. The Ba clan's son was born in the red cave, the four families' sons were all born in the black cave. They had not yet lords or chiefs, everyone served the ghosts and gods. Therefore they altogether threw swords at the stone cave. They agreed that he who was able to hit, they would receive as their lord. The Ba clan's son, Wuxiang, then alone hit it, the multitudes all sighed. Again they made each sail an earth boat, and agreed that he who was able to float must be their lord. The remaining families fully sunk, only Wuxiang alone floated. Following that, they together installed him. This was Lord Lin [lit. “Lord of Granaries”].

He then sailed the earth both, and followed the Yi River until he arrived at Yanyang. In the Yan River [lit. “Salt River”], there was a goddess, who spoke to Lord Lin, saying:

This land is broad and great, fish and salt spring out from here. I wish to halt you and live together.

Lord Lin did not allow it. The salt goddess at sunset always came to spend the night, and dawn immediately changed into an insect. She and various insects swarmed and flew, covering and concealing the sun's light. Heaven and earth were unlit and gloomy. For the next ten or so days, Lord Lin thought about what was expedient, and following that, shot and killed her. Heaven then began to shine.

The Lord of Granaries hence was lord at Yicheng, and the four families were all subject to him. When the Lord of Granaries died, his cloud and white soul for generations became a white tiger. The Ba clan, since tigers drink people's blood, thereupon used people to sacrifice to him.

When King Hui of Qin [r. 337 . 311 BC] annexed Bazhong, he used the Ba clan as lords and leaders of the Man barbarians. For generations they wed Qin daughters. Their people's feudal ranks successively did not change. If they committed a crime, then they used the feudal rank to remove it. Their lords and leaders annually sent out 2 016 cash in taxes, and once every third year sent out 1 800 cash dutiful taxes [?]. Their population's households sent out 8 zhang, 2 chi with “family” [jia幏] cloth and 30 arrows of chicken feathers. At the rise of Han, the Grand Warden of Nan commandery, Jin Qiang, requested to uniformly rely on the former affairs from the times of Qin.

Arriving at the 23rd Year of Jianwu [47 AD], the Man of Tushan in Nan commandery, Lei Qian, and others, first turnde to rebellion, and robbed and plundered the hundred families. Dispatched the General of Martial Awe, Liu Shang to command more than ten thousand people to chastise and route them. He moved more than seven thousand mouths of their kin to set up within the borders of Jiangxia, the Man of Mianzhong are as such.

Emperor He's 13th Year of Yongyuan [101 AD], the Man of Wu [county], Xu Sheng and others, since the commandery was collecting taxes unequally, had deep-felt enmity and resentment, and thereupon gathered at the county and turned to rebellion.

Next Year [102 AD], Summer, dispatched messengers to direct troops from the various commanderies of Jing province, more than ten thousand people, to chastise them. Sheng and others relied and depended on obstructing strategic points, and for a long time did not route. The various armies therefore split between the roads and advanced together, some from Yufu in Ba commandery, along several paths to attack them. The Man therefore scattered and fled. They beheaded their chieftains, and exploited the victory to pursue them, and greatly routed Sheng and others. Sheng and others begged to surrender. Then altogether moved and set them up in Jiangxia.

Emperor Ling's 2nd Year of Jianning [169 AD], the Man of Jiangxia rebelled. The province and commandery chastised and pacified them.

In the past, the Gaoxin clan [Emperor Ku] was being robbed by the Quan Rong. The Emperor was troubled by their intrusions and bullying, but his campaigns and attacks had no gains. He therefore searched for and enlisted Under Heaven, that he who was able to obtain the head of the Quan Rong's commander, General Wu, would be rewarded with a thousand yi of yellow gold, an estate of ten thousand families, and also his young daughter as wife. At the time the Emperor had domesticated dog with five-coloured fur named Panhu.

The Wei Sketch says: The Gaoxin clan had an old woman who lived in the royal house. She got a n ear illness. She poked at them, and found a thing as large as a cocoon. The woman put it within a gourd [hu], and covered it with a tray [pan]. Suddenly it changed into a dog, it was patterned in five colours, and because of that they named it Panhu.

After he had sent down the order, Panhu then came below the palace with a person's head in the mouth. The crowd of subjects were astonished, and when they examined it, it was General Wu's head. The Emperor was greatly pleased, but assessed that for Panhu it would not be possible to take his daughter as wife, and also had no way of ennobling him with feudal rank. He discussed his intentions of rewarding him, but know not yet what would be appropriate.

The daughter heard of it and, considering that an order sent down by the Emperor could not stray from the truth, requested to go. The Emperor had no choice, and therefore used the daughter as a match for Panhu. Panhu got the daughter, and carried her away into the southern mountains, they stopped inside a stone cave. The place was perilous and isolated, people searched but did not reach them.

Today west of Luxi county in Chen province, there is a Wu Mountain. Huang Min's Records of Wuling says: The mountain might be ten thousand ren tall. Halfway on the mountain is Panhu's stone cave, it might accommodate several ten thousand people. Within there is a stone bed and vestiges from Panhu actions.

Now note: In front of the mountain cave there is a stone sheep and a stone beast, the ancient vestiges that are strange and unusual are especially many. Looking at the stone cave, it is as large as three unoccupied houses. In the far distance one sees a rock that still resembles a dog in shape. The Man have customarily transmitted that this is a statue of Panhu.

Hence the daughter loosened and took off her robes and skirt, and made knots of pujian僕鑒 and wore clothes of duli獨力. The Emperor pitied and thought of her, and dispatched messengers to look and search for them. Every time they would encounter wind, rain, shaking, and darkness, and the messengers could not manage to advance. In the span of three years, they begot twelve children, six sons and six daughters.

After Panhu died, they made each other husbands and wives. They wove and spun wood and hides, and dyed them with grass and fruits. They were fond of five-coloured clothes, and tailored them to have the shape of a tail.

Gan Bao's Records of Jin says: The barbarians of Wuling, Changsha, and Lujiang commanderies are the descendants of Panhu. They live scattered within the Five Creeks. The Panhu rely on the mountains to obstruct strategic points, and always regularly do harm. They mix and blend fish and meat, knock on a trough and make a sign, and so make sacrifices to Panhu. Those customarily claiming to be “red thighs and horizontals skirts” are precisely his sons and grandsons.

Their mother later returned home, and explained clearly to the Emperor, and so he sent to welcome and bring her various children. Their robes and skirts were mottled and colourful and their speech was that of Zhuli. They were fond of entering mountains and river valleys and were not happy in the flat and open. The Emperor complied with their thoughts, and bestowed on them the famous mountains and wide marshes. Their descendants multiplied and spread out, they were called the Man Yi.

Outwardly they were simpletons, but on the inside they were shrewd. They were unworried in their lands and put weight on old traditions. Due to their ancestral father's merit and their mother being the Emperor's daughter, when farming, making, buying and selling, they had no tallies for passing toll-houses or bridges, or payments of taxes and levies.

He especially favoured them, and for that reason exempted them from taxes and duties. The Records of Jing Province says: In Yuanling county, at the mouth of the You, there are the Shangjiu and Wuyang villages, and indeed these are the descendants of Panhu, the dog race. The two villages are located north of Wuxi.

They have lords and chiefs of their districts. They all are bestowed seals and ribbons, and for caps they use otter skin. They name chieftains as jingfu精夫, and refer to each other as yangtu姎徒. Today they are the Man of Changsha and Wuling.

The Explaining Graphs says: Yang姎is what a woman calls herself, meaning “I”.

During Tang and Yu, they restrained them with hostages, and for that reason it was called the Restrained Domain. In the time of Xia and Shang, they gradually became a border trouble. Arrived at the Zhou period, their group's multitudes spread out and flourished. At King Xuan's [of Zhou, r. 827 – 782 BC] revitalization, he then instructed Fangshu to go on a southern attack against the Man region, which is what the poets speaks of as “the Man and Jing came in awe”. They also say: “Obstinate Man and Jing, the great nation is your foe.” It makes clear their group's multitudes had multiplied many times, and opposed and stood against the various Xia.

The Mao Poetry's Preface to the Lesser Elegantiae says: “The poem 'Collecting Proso millet” is about King Xuan's southern campaign. [The poem says] “We hurry to tell of gathering proso millet, in those new fields. Put it forth indeed that Fangshu, is travelling back dun-dunning. Obstinate Man and Jing, the great nation is your foe. The commentary states: “Fangshu was a noble officer, who was instructed and made commander.”

King Ping [r. 770 – 720 BC] moved east, and the Man thereupon invaded and bullied the upper states. Marquis Wen of Jin [r. 780 – 746 BC] assisted the government, and therefore led Marquis Gong of Cai [r. 761 – 760 BC] to strike and rout them.

Marquis Wen of Jin had animosity.

Arriving at the time of King Wu of Chu [r. 740 – 690 BC], the Man and the Count of Luo together defeated the Chu regiments, and killed their general Qu Xia.

The Zuo Transmittals [13th Year of Duke Huan, 699 BC]: “Qu Xia of Chu invaded Luo and Yan. They became disordered due to the crossing, and form the river they then had no order. Moreover they did not make precautions. Luan and the Lu Rong with their pair of armies went and greatly defeated him. The Mo'ao [a Chu military rank] hanged himself at Huang Valley, and the crowd of commanders were imprisoned at Yefu.

King Zhuang [of Chu, r. 613 - 591 BC] began on the throne, the people starved and the troops were weak, and they then began to rob. When the Chu regiments had been bestirred, they afterwards therefore submitted. From that point they thereupon belong to Chu. During the deeds of Yanling, the Man combined troops with King Gong [r. 590 – 560 BC] to strike Jin.

King Zhuan's personal name was Lü, he was the son of King Mu [r. 625 – 614 BC]

In the Zuo Transmittals, Jin and Chu fought at Yanling [in 575 BC]. Xi Zhi of Jin said: “Chu's two dignitaries loath each other. The King's soldiers use old customs, and at Zheng their deployment was not orderly, and the Man army did not deploy.”

When Wu Qi was chancellor for King Dao [r. 401 – 381 BC], he to the south annexed the Man and Yue, and thereupon they had Dongting and Cangwu. King Zhao of Qin sent Bai Qi to attack Chu [in 278 BC], generally gained control of the Man Yi, and first set up Qianzhong commandery. When Han flourished, they changed it to Wuling. They yearly ordered their great men to convey one bolt of cloth, and lesser mouths a length of two zhang. This was spoken of as cong cloth. Though at times they were robbing and stealing, it was not enough to be a worry for the commanderies and states.