"The Emigrants" (1951) by the Valencian artist GastĂłn CastellĂł Bravo. Oil on canvas. Fine Arts Museum of Alacant.
This painting wants to reflect the pain of having to leave one's hometown to look for a better future elsewhere. The painter made it in honour of his grandparents, who were migrants.
GastĂłn CastellĂł himself also had to move away from his home, in this case as a political exile. During the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), he was affiliated to the anti-fascist union UGT. He painted large portraits of anti-fascist leaders on doors and windows for the rallies held to boost morale against the fascist coup. When the Italian fascist aviation (Mussolini and Hitler were Franco's allies and took part of the war) bombed Alacant's marketplace, killing 300 people and injuring more than 1000, GastĂłn CastellĂł went to Albacete as a refugee, where he worked in a circus.
The war ended with the fascist victory and the new regime imposed a reign of horror, with massive killings, arrests, jailing and torture of political dissidents. After the war, GastĂłn CastellĂł moved back to his hometown Alacant, where he was jailed for having painted subversive art. He was sentenced to 6 years of prison, but managed to get the sentence reduced to 18 months because he had saved a quantity of religious art from being destroyed in church-burnings during the war. He was forbidden from painting when he was in jail, but found ways to sneak in watercolours and paper.
After he was released, he continued painting and making mosaics. He also made statues for the Fogueres in Alacant (similar to the Falles of ValĂšncia, they are statues that are made for a holiday and burned down at the end of the holiday).
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(Els textos sĂłn un fragment del capĂtol "La ArqueologĂa durante el Franquismo. InstrumentalizaciĂłn identitaria" de Francisco Gracia Alonso al llibre Los intelectuales y la dictadura franquista. Cultura y poder en España de 1939 a 1975)
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Fine that the Francoist dictatorship authorities made the director of Sant Jordi choir pay for having sung an unauthorized Catalan song on April 23rd 1964. This fine is kept as a historical document in the archive of the University of Barcelona.
General Francisco Franco's fascist dictatorship of Spain (1939-1975) banned and persecuted the use of the Catalan language for many years, allowing it towards the end of the dictatorship only in certain settings and under strict supervision of the police and censorship authorities. The dictatorship had the objective of eliminating the Catalan language, culture, and identity, and making all Catalan people become Spanish people. Cultural elements of Catalan culture were forbidden, such as certain songs, dances, and celebrations of traditional holidays, and people were imprisoned, tortured, and even sentenced to death for defending the right to exist of the Catalan people. The same persecution was suffered by the other nationalities under Spanish rule (mostly Basques and Galicians).
The choir Coral Sant Jordi, named after Catalonia's patron saint (Saint George), was founded in 1947 by Oriol Martorell. Its objective was to sing choir music with a focus on traditional Catalan music. The choir toured around Catalonia singing these songs with a great vocal quality, and became a symbol of cultural resistance against the dictatorship's attempt of ethnocide.
In the 1960s, the dictatorship wanted to become a normalized part of Europe and the international community. The regime opened Spain's borders to survive as a fascist stronghold, and thanks to the help from the USA (who was promoting fascist governments around the world), fascist Spain was accepted in the UN, normalized its relations with many countries, and opened its borders to tourism. To look more acceptable, it did some reforms among which they allowed speaking the local languages (Catalan, Aranese Occitan, Basque, Galician, etc) in public in some acts, as long as the person who was going to do it applied for official permission and turned in everything they were going to say or, in the case of a concert, the track list of all the songs that they were going to sing and all their lyrics as well as if they were going to speak between songs. The censorship authorities could accept or deny this application, and very often they censored parts of what was going to be said or sung, or whole songs.
On April 23rd 1964, the choir Sant Jordi sang in a fundraising event to raise money for a church. Like all Catholic churches, this church is under the title of a saint, virgin, or similar. In this case, the church is dedicated to Saint George, who their choir is also named after. In the concert, the choir sang an extra song that wasn't on the tracklist that they had submitted to be approved by the censorship authorities. This extra song was the "Goigs de Sant Jordi" (goigs are a traditional Catalan music genre of songs dedicated to exalting a particular saint or Virgin). This is a goigs song composed in the year 1885 in the Catalan language, which explains the saint's story and asks: "patron of knighthood, watch over my homeland and for its rebirth".
For having sung this, the Spanish government made Oriol Martorell (conductor of the choir) pay a fine of 10,000 pesetas, a huge amount at the time. Oriol appealed the resolution many times, even reaching the Supreme Court, but as was expected they did not repeal it, and he (with support from the rest of the choir) had to pay the fine.
Under the cut I've included the whole lyrics of the unauthorized song translated to English.
This is a print of goigs song they sang. This one is from an act in 1990, kept in the archive of Jaume I University. These are the translated lyrics:
GOIGS OF SAINT GEORGE. Patron saint of Catalonia.
Since the heaven entrusted you
the most excellent mission:
Patron of knighthood,
watch over my homeland
and for its rebirth.
Art, history, and legend
have embroidered your mantle
and have given you the best offering
with the quill and the chisel.
From the north to the south,
from the east to the west:
Patron...
You were born in Cappadocia
of a palatial lineage,
honoured patrician, you were
Diocletianâs knight;
your illustrious hierarchy
gave you great demeanour:
Patron...
You follow the blessed law
of crucified Jesus,
which was persecuted in Rome
as the most depraved crime.
You, with all the courage,
resolutely embrace it:
Patron...
Like a willow, if itâs stripped off its branches,
it grows more branches and lushness,
new Christians arenât missing either
when thereâs more rigour for them.
One day you spoke in the council
and they destined you to torment:
PatronâŠ
You were tied to a wheel,
your flesh teared out;
when they left you for dead,
they found you well healed.
Such a miracle soon converted
many people:
PatronâŠ
The emperor, then,
wants to convince you, sweetly,
and gives you seductive offers,
but he doesnât get anything from you.
Refusing idolatry
you defect the Caesar:
PatronâŠ
He doesnât receive the affront freely
and immediately orders you be beheaded;
seven gold-winged angels
take you up to heaven.
Jesus, Joseph, and Mary
welcome you smiling:
PatronâŠ
Up in heaven they proclaim you
patron of the good knights;
the sword they gave you there
is Luciferâs fright.
On your Shield was printed
the red cross on a silver field:
PatronâŠ
There was a gentle princess,
stealer of love,
and a ferocious monster
wants to capture her, traitor;
but you, with bravery,
turn up to attack:
PatronâŠ
On the first lance stroke
the monster falls down pierced;
the virgin, already released,
takes him away well tied up;
all the town, with happiness,
branches and palms beat:
PatronâŠ
Clovisâs wife
builds sumptuous temples for you,
and you have pious altars
from Calp to the Pyrenees;
Sir Ramir also erected for you
a monument near Viana:
PatronâŠ
You help, near Girona,
the undefeated emperor,
and you give back the golden sceptre
to Borrell of Barcelona;
your shining image
used to appear to king Peter:
PatronâŠ
When April comes and is crowned
with the roses from the gardens,
Barcelona celebrates you
more than all the paladins.
People of all hierarchies
sings to you devoutly:
PatronâŠ
Look over the loved homeland,
for its freedom,
for the well-rooted faith,
for the holy brotherhood.
And if the great day came
to save it in combat:
Patron of knighthood,
watch over my homeland
and for its rebirth.
Since the heaven entrusted you
to free the good believer:
Patron of knighthood,
watch over my homeland
and for its rebirth.
The Italian fascist aviation, who was backing Franco's Spanish fascist army in the Civil War, bombed the market of Alacant (Valencian Country).
The Italian fascist aviation had captured the island of Mallorca and was using it as a base from which to bomb all the Mediterranean coast of the Catalan Countries. During 1938, many cities, towns and even small rural villages were bombed, with indiscriminate attacks against the civil population.
The Alacant market bombing was one of the deadliest attacks in the whole war. Around 11:15am, between 7 and 9 Italian airplanes flew over the city and dropped about 90 bombs, some of which on the Central Market, which was full of people. It had been a deliberate attack against the civil population.
Around 300 people died and over 1,000 were injured.
The war was won by the fascists and they imposed a regime based on terror, where victims couldn't speak about what happen out of fear. While the fascist side's soldiers who died in the war were glorified and constantly remembered as the fighters of a holy Crusade, the victims of the fascist army and the dictatorship were erased from the narrative. The victims of the 1938 Alacant bombing were buried in a mass grave without a tombstone nor any sign of rememberance until 1995.
They knew it since the moment they met. It was in Barcelona. Ramon had moved there after finishing the mandatory military service and he saw Jordi for the first time in a restaurant, having dinner. âI took him home on the first date because I saw he would be a good personâ, explains Jordi.
They fell in love during Francoâs dictatorship, when being homosexual was persecuted. They always had to take care with what they did and didnât do in order to avoid being pointed at. Now, 56 years later, Jordi and Ramon think of a whole life together.
They went often to Horta de Sant Joan, Ramonâs town. There, they slept together in a double bed at his parentsâ house. The family always respected their decisions, though they never openly talked about their relation with them.
Iâve added subtitles to this story posted by 3/24. It wasnât so long ago that the situation was this.