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How Amazon transformed the EU into a planned economy
Amazon is a perfect parable of enshittification, the process by which platforms first offer subsidies to end users until theyâre locked in, then make life good for business customers at usersâ expense, until theyâre locked in, then claw back all the value they can for themselves, leaving just enough behind to keep the lock-in going.
In a new report for SOMO, Margarida Silva describes how the end-stage enshittification of Amazon is playing out in the EU, with Amazon repeating its US playbook of gouging the small businesses who have no choice but to use the platform in order to reach its locked-in customers, making European customers and European sellers poorer:
https://www.somo.nl/amazons-european-chokehold/
The mechanism for this isnât a mystery. Amazon boasts about it! They call it their flywheel: first, customers are lured into the platform with low prices, especially through Prime, which requires pre-payment for a yearâs shipping, which virtually guarantees that customers will start their shopping on Amazon. Because customers now start their buying on Amazon, sellers have to be there. The increased range of goods for sale on Amazon lures in more buyers, who lure in more sellers, with both sides holding each other hostage:
https://vimeo.com/739486256/00a0a7379a
This flywheel creates a vicious cycle, starving local retail so that customers canât get what they need from brick-and-mortar shops, which funnels sellers into offering their goods for sale on Amazon. The less choice customers and sellers have about where they shop, the more Amazon can abuse both to pad its own bottom line.
There are 800,000 EU-based sellers on Amazon, and they have seen the junk-fees that Amazon charges them skyrocket, to the point where they have to raise prices or lose money on each sale. Amazon uses both tacit and explicit âMost Favored Nationâ deals to hide these price-hikes. Under an MFN deal, sellers must not allow their goods to be sold at a lower price than Amazonâsâââso when they raise prices to cover Amazonâs increasing fees, they raise them everywhere:
https://pluralistic.net/2023/04/25/greedflation/
Itâs not hard to understand why Amazon would raise its fees: the company has an effective e-commerce monopoly. Like Ozymandias, they have run out of worlds to conquer, and so their growth has to come from squeezing suppliers and/or raising prices, not from bringing in new customers. This is likewise true of mobile companies like Apple and Google, who have run out of people who are so excited about incremental mobile hardware gains that theyâll buy a new phone every year, which means that growth has to come from squeezing app vendors:
Itâs true of the movie studios, which is why they want to zero out their wage bills by replacing writers with automatic plausible sentence generators that will write stupid movies that they think weâll still pay to see because there wonât be anything else:
Monopolies âgrowâ by making their customers and suppliers worse off. But they have to be careful about this: if itâs obvious that youâre using your market power to screw buyers, you can get in trouble with competition regulators. Thatâs because the only part of antitrust law that the neoliberal project left intact is âconsumer welfareââââthe idea that monopolies should only face enforcement when they raise prices and/or lower quality:
This focus on price-hikes has given monopolists a free hand to squeeze suppliers and workers, because a monopolistâââfrom Walmart to Amazonâââcan claim that squeezing your workers and suppliers is necessary to enhancing consumer welfare. The less you pay to produce a product, the cheaper you can price it.
When a company has a lot of seller power, we call it a monopolist. When it has a lot of buying power, we call it a monopsonist. No one ever made a bestselling, family-destroying board game called âMonopsonyâ so most people havenât heard of the concept. But monopsony is every bit as dangerous as monopoly, and monopsonists find it far easier to acquire market power than monopolists. Few suppliers can afford to have even 10% of their sales disappear overnight, so a buyer who accounts for 10% of your sales can demand deep discounts and other favorable terms.
Amazon is a monopolist, but itâs also a very powerful and ruthless monopsonist. For example, its audiobook division, Audible, has a 90+% market-share, and it used that market-power to steal at least $100m from audiobook creators, in a scandal dubbed Audiblegate:
For Europeâs 800k sellers who rely on Amazon to reach their customers, the monoposony conditions are blatant and shameless. Take listing fees: Amazonâs âflywheelâ pitch claims that as the company grows, it achieves âeconomies of scaleâ that can lower its cost basis. But Amazonâs listing fees havenât changed, even as the company experienced explosive growth in the EU (remember, sellers whose Amazon fees exceed their margins have to pass those fees onto buyers, and also raise their prices everywhere else to satisfy the Most Favored Nation requirement).
Amazon books the revenues from these feesâââand other junk-fees it extracts from sellersâââin Luxembourg, an EU member nation that provides a tax haven to multinational businesses that want to maintain the fiction that they operate their businesses out of the tiny kingdom. There is sharp competition in the EU to offer the most servile, corrupt environment for multinationals, and Luxembourg is a leader, along with Cyprus, Malta and, of course, Ireland:
But at least listing fees havenât gone up, unlike other fees, which have climbed sharply. Amazon falsely claimed that its additional revenues from fees were the result of growth by independent sellers, which Amazon pegged at 65%. Later, the company admitted that the true growth figure was 22%. Meanwhile, fees are up 85%.
The true growth figure might be lower still. Amazon refuses to show the math behind its growth figures, or even say which sellers and sales are included in the figure.
The SOMO report cites research by Juozas KaziukÄnas of the e-commerce research firm Marketplace Pulse, who finds that sellers are now giving 50% of their gross revenues to Amazon, an increase of 10% over the past five years across the whole EU. However, different EU (and ex-EU) countries have experienced much steeper increases in feesâââin the UK, fees have nearly doubled (up 98%), and in France, fees more than doubled (up 115%).
Many of these increases come from the Fulfilment By Amazon (FBA) program, which is promoted as an optional service, but which is really obligatoryâââcareful research shows that sellers who warehouse, pack and ship their own goods get banished to the depths of search results, even if they have ratings, costs and times that are competitive with FBA. This is especially true of the âbuy boxâ that lands at the top of most searches. The company refuses to disclose how buy box positioning is determined, but 90% of products in the buy box pay for FBA.
Amazon has used excuseflation to hike its FBA prices, blaming higher energy prices for price hikes that predated the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and blaming covid for price hikes that predated the pandemic.
Italyâs competition authority did yeoman service in uncovering the sleaze of FBA, publishing an investigation that showed that Prime and buy box made the notionally âoptionalâ FBA into a must-have for merchants, meaning that Amazon could jack up FBA prices without losing business.
Another notable source of gouging came in response to the UK and France adopting digital services taxes, which were meant to make up for the tax-base erosion enabled by Luxembourgâs flouting of EU tax law. Amazon passed these taxes straight through to its merchants, without seeing a comparable decrease in the number of sellers using its platformsâââan unmistakable sign of market power. If you can raise prices without losing customers, then, by definition, your customers have nowhere else to go.
Iâve previously written about how Amazonâs $31b/year âadvertisingâ market isnât really advertisingââârather, itâs a payola scheme that auctions off the top of a search-listing to the merchant with the most to spend:
This is how you get a simple search like âcat bedsâ returning results whose first screen is 100% ads, and whose next five screens are 50% ads, many of them for dog products:
Auctioning off search results means that every time you search for something you want, you have to wade through screen after screen of listings for products whose vendors spent more on advertising, leaving less to spend on making quality goods.
This is as true in the EU as it is in the USA. The SOMO report shows that European merchants are required to spend ever-larger sums to show up in results for the exact products they sell, leaving them with a choice between making less money, raising prices, or skimping on quality.
But even the âwinnersâ of Amazonâs gladiatorial combat among vendors can still lose. Amazon uses an automated product removal process that can delete some or all of a merchantâs products, without warning or explanation, and no one at Amazon will explain what a merchant did wrong. That remains true even if a vendor pays for Amazonâs âmarketplace consultantâ serviceâââask these paid Virgils why youâve been cast into Amazonâs pit, and theyâll shrug their shoulders (and bill you for it).
And even if you can navigate the junk fees, the Kafka-as-a-service removals, the war of all sellers against all sellers for search primacyâŠyou still lose. Merchants told SOMO that a product that survives Amazonâs gauntlet is likely to be cloned by Amazon and sold as an Amazon Basic or other house-brand product. Amazon doesnât charge itself 50% junk fees, so it can always underprice the vendors it knocks off, and give its own products permanent top-of-search placement.
Amazon founder Jeff Bezos once testified under oath before Congress that this doesnât happenâââand then refused to return to Congress when multiple vendors showed evidence that heâd lied:
Amazon has faced investigations and enforcement in the EU over this, and settled a claim with a promise to ânot use non-public seller data to compete with sellers,â but given the companyâs record of broken promises on this score and the difficulty of catching them cheating, itâs pretty naive to think theyâll stick to this.
The report quotes Thomas Höppner, a lawyer who has represented small businesses that Amazon screwed over. Höppner says the problem is that the EU evaluates Amazonâs bad deeds on a âcase-by-caseâ basis, missing the big picture: âBy the time one identified problem was seemingly solved, Amazon had long made amendments elsewhere with the same effect. We require a more holistic approach that considers the entire Amazon ecosystem and the various interdependencies within.â
But the EUâs enforcement approach is about to change significantly. The EU just passed the Digital Markets Act (DMA), which imposes a bunch of obligations on Amazon:
allowing sellers to offer their products on other marketplaces at different prices (Article 5.3),
not obliging business users to pay for one of its services in order to use its platform (Article 5.8),
limiting the way Amazon uses non-public seller data to compete with them (Article 6.2)
preventing Amazon from giving top billing in search results to its own products or sellers that have acquired extra Amazon services (Article 6.5)
The report concludes with a suite of recommendations for improving EU enforcement. First, they argue for a return to traditional competition law, abandoning the âconsumer welfare standardâ that is so friendly to monopsonies and their abuses of suppliers and workers.
They call for a probe into Amazonâs Most Favored Nation deals (âfair pricing policyâ), the practice of sponsoring search results, and spiraling fees. They want the EU to adequately fund DMA enforcement, with âmeasures to prevent regulatory capture.â And they want Amazon to publish clear explanations for how search results, buy box placement, and other practices hidden behind a veil of secrecy.
Amazon will doubtless claim that disclosing how those systems work will make it easier for spammers and scammers to game their way to the top of search results. We should be skeptical of this claimâââcontent moderation is the last domain where anyone takes the bankrupt idea of security through obscurity seriously:
Finally, the report calls for breaking up Amazon, forcing it to choose between being a platform seller or a platform user, calling this the only way to âprevent the conflicts of interest between its role as a platform intermediary, seller, and service provider.â
The technical term for this measure is âstructural separationââââa rule that bans platform companies from competing with their business customers. This is the principle at work in the US bipartisan AMERICA Act, which would force Google and Meta to spin off the parts of their ad-tech business that put them in a conflict of interest. Right now, Googbook represents both publishers and advertisers, while operating the marketplace where ad sales take place, and they take 51% out of every ad dollar:
Structural separation hasnât really been applied in the US for a generation, but itâs gained currency in recent years, for the obvious reason that the referee canât also own one of the teams. I was in Germany last week speaking to regulators and politicians, and they espoused skepticism that the EU would embrace structural separation anytime soon.
But they were wrong! Today, the European Commission announced plans to force Google and Meta to sell off their conflict-of-interest ad-tech lines of business, mirroring the provisions of the US AMERICA Act:
Structural separation really is the policy we should be demanding. Itâs amazing that lawyers who would never argue a case in front of a judge who was married to the plaintiff will turn around and defend the idea that Amazon can fairly operate a marketplace where they compete with other sellers.
With Amazon dominating online sales, and with in-person retail cratering, Amazonâs decisions have the power to determine the outcome of whole swathes of Europeâs economy. This is the âplanned economyâ that the EU claims it detests and seeks to preventâââbut itâs an economy planned by distant autocrats in a Seattle boardroom, for the purpose of extracting the surpluses needed to launch an endless procession of penis-rockets.
If youâd like an essay-formatted version of this postto read or share, hereâs a link to it on pluralistic.net, my surveillance-free, ad-free, tracker-free blog:
[Image ID: A desert ruin. In the foreground is a huge Amazon box, with an EU flag in place of its shipping label. Atop the box are the feet and partial legs of an Oxymandias figure.]
Originally used for Sirocco (1982) and later Turbine (1999), this mechanism is what made the ride launch. In 2008 part of it broke and the ride could no longer operate until it was replaced with a LIM launch from Gerstlauer.
You can still see it in the queue line, as seen in this image.
Anya is live and ready to show you everything. Watch her strip, dance, and perform exclusive shows just for you. Interact in real-time and make your fantasies come true.
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Free to watch âą No registration required âą HD streaming
34 years and counting; thatâs quite an achievement.
Therefore, my beloved brethren, be ye stedfast, unmoveable, always abounding in the work of the Lord, forasmuch as ye know that your labour is not in vain in the Lord. I Cor 15:58
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