#esbl

Intestinal colonization of healthy individuals with multidrug-resistant bacteria could contribute to the amplification of resistant bacteria both at community level and in hospital settings leading to treatment failure, high treatment costs, and increased mortality. This cross-sectional study aims is to determine the rate of intestinal colonization with multidrug resistant bacteria belonging to Enterobacteriaceae family among adult healthy population in a suburban community of Bangalore. 163 stool specimens from 163 participants were obtained from four suburban areas of East Bangalore during a period of 4 months (Oct, 2020–Jan, 2021). A total 165 isolates were identified. Stool specimens were cultured and the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests according to the standard microbiological procedures. ESBLs, AmpC β-lactamase, and carbapenemase producers were screened and identified phenotypically as per CLSI guidelines. Colonization of MDR enteric bacteria in the community was 70%. Among these MDROs, Klebsiella was the predominant bacteria 53(45.6%) followed by E. coli 45(38.8%) and Enterobacter 17(14.6%). Confirmed ESBL producers were 47(28.4%) which included E. coli 24 (51%), Klebsiella 18 (38.2%) and Enterobacter 5 (10.6%). Confirmed AmpC producers were 8 (5%) among which Klebsiella were 5 (62.5%) and E. coli 3 (37.5%). 3 (1.8%) isolates were coproducers of ESBL and AmpC β lactamases. No carbapenemase-producing bacteria were isolated. This study shows an overall prevalence of MDRO in the intestines of study population and highlights the importance of routine surveillance to monitor the changing epidemiology. It also helps to identify the causal associations for appropriate infection control practices and antibiotic prescribing policies to prevent further spread.

Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are one of the main causes of infections in humans. Now a day, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered as main public health threat, also AMR bacteria in different hospital wards are increasing significantly. Increasing number of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers has reduced the treatment options which resulted in emergence of multidrug resistant strains, treatment failure and hence increased mortality. To know the drug resistance pattern among gram negative isolates and detection of ESBL production. A retrospective study of all gram negative isolates was conducted. Total of 177 isolates were isolated from various clinical samples. They were processed and identified by standard Microbiological procedures. The antibiotics susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion method using CLSI guidelines. ESBL was detected by combined disc test using ceftazidime (30μg) alone and in combination with clavulanic acid disc. Of 285 samples processed, 177 Gram-negative isolates were isolated which includes E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus spp., Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., and Acinetobacter spp. Males 104 (58.8%) were commonly involved as compared to females 73 (41.2%).Of 177 isolates tested,90(50.8%) are from urine sample, 83(46.9%) from pus sample and 4(2.3%) from blood sample. ESBL was detected in 92 (52%) isolates. They showed least resistance to amikacin 36 (20.3%), piperacillin-tazobactam 30 (16.9%) and meropenem 10 (5.6%). Our study showed most of the isolates was resistant to commonly used penicillin and cephalosporin group of antibiotics and also showed 52% prevalence of ESBL producers. Judicious use of antibiotics, detection and reporting of beta-lactamase enzymes helps in combating spread of MDR bacteria and also helps in appropriate treatment.

Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are one of the main causes of infections in humans. Now a day, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered as main public health threat, also AMR bacteria in different hospital wards are increasing significantly. Increasing number of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers has reduced the treatment options which resulted in emergence of multidrug resistant strains, treatment failure and hence increased mortality. To know the drug resistance pattern among gram negative isolates and detection of ESBL production. A retrospective study of all gram negative isolates was conducted. Total of 177 isolates were isolated from various clinical samples. They were processed and identified by standard Microbiological procedures. The antibiotics susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion method using CLSI guidelines. ESBL was detected by combined disc test using ceftazidime (30μg) alone and in combination with clavulanic acid disc. Of 285 samples processed, 177 Gram-negative isolates were isolated which includes E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus spp., Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., and Acinetobacter spp. Males 104 (58.8%) were commonly involved as compared to females 73 (41.2%).Of 177 isolates tested,90(50.8%) are from urine sample, 83(46.9%) from pus sample and 4(2.3%) from blood sample. ESBL was detected in 92 (52%) isolates. They showed least resistance to amikacin 36 (20.3%), piperacillin-tazobactam 30 (16.9%) and meropenem 10 (5.6%). Our study showed most of the isolates was resistant to commonly used penicillin and cephalosporin group of antibiotics and also showed 52% prevalence of ESBL producers. Judicious use of antibiotics, detection and reporting of beta-lactamase enzymes helps in combating spread of MDR bacteria and also helps in appropriate treatment.

Intestinal colonization of healthy individuals with multidrug-resistant bacteria could contribute to the amplification of resistant bacteria both at community level and in hospital settings leading to treatment failure, high treatment costs, and increased mortality. This cross-sectional study aims is to determine the rate of intestinal colonization with multidrug resistant bacteria belonging to Enterobacteriaceae family among adult healthy population in a suburban community of Bangalore. 163 stool specimens from 163 participants were obtained from four suburban areas of East Bangalore during a period of 4 months (Oct, 2020–Jan, 2021). A total 165 isolates were identified. Stool specimens were cultured and the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests according to the standard microbiological procedures. ESBLs, AmpC β-lactamase, and carbapenemase producers were screened and identified phenotypically as per CLSI guidelines. Colonization of MDR enteric bacteria in the community was 70%. Among these MDROs, Klebsiella was the predominant bacteria 53(45.6%) followed by E. coli 45(38.8%) and Enterobacter 17(14.6%). Confirmed ESBL producers were 47(28.4%) which included E. coli 24 (51%), Klebsiella 18 (38.2%) and Enterobacter 5 (10.6%). Confirmed AmpC producers were 8 (5%) among which Klebsiella were 5 (62.5%) and E. coli 3 (37.5%). 3 (1.8%) isolates were coproducers of ESBL and AmpC β lactamases. No carbapenemase-producing bacteria were isolated. This study shows an overall prevalence of MDRO in the intestines of study population and highlights the importance of routine surveillance to monitor the changing epidemiology. It also helps to identify the causal associations for appropriate infection control practices and antibiotic prescribing policies to prevent further spread.

In recent years, the world has seen a surge in extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing-bacteria. However, data on the dissemination of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the community is not available in Chad. This study aims to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in fecal carriage from outpatients. From September 2017 to February 2018, 102 stools samples collected were sent at IRED. All stool samples were seeded onto Mac Conkey agar plates supplemented with cefotaxim (CTX, 2μg/mL), subjected to standard bacteriological method for isolation and characterization. Susceptibility to antibiotics was tested according to Kirby Bauer disk methods in respect to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST, 2014). Out of the 102 samples investigated, 53 isolates were identified as Escherichia coli strains (84.9%) and K. pneumoniae (15.1%).Moreover, among the 53 strains, 33 (62.3%) belonged to extended spectrum β-lactamase producing (ESBL) group. The maximum resistance were observed with amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (82, 22%-87, 5%), nalidixic acid (93, 33%-100%), ciprofloxacin (71, 11%-75%), and gentamicin (80.00%-87.5%). K. pneumonia resistance to fosfomycin was significant (P = 0.011) than E. coli. Mostly isolates tested were sensitive to imipenem. This result shows the high rate of ESBLs-producing isolates among outpatients in the community of Mongo. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance needs to be implemented in Chad to tailor interventions targeted at stopping the dissemination of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae.

Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are one of the main causes of infections in humans. Now a day, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered as main public health threat, also AMR bacteria in different hospital wards are increasing significantly. Increasing number of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers has reduced the treatment options which resulted in emergence of multidrug resistant strains, treatment failure and hence increased mortality. To know the drug resistance pattern among gram negative isolates and detection of ESBL production. A retrospective study of all gram negative isolates was conducted. Total of 177 isolates were isolated from various clinical samples. They were processed and identified by standard Microbiological procedures. The antibiotics susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion method using CLSI guidelines. ESBL was detected by combined disc test using ceftazidime (30μg) alone and in combination with clavulanic acid disc. Of 285 samples processed, 177 Gram-negative isolates were isolated which includes E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus spp., Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., and Acinetobacter spp. Males 104 (58.8%) were commonly involved as compared to females 73 (41.2%).Of 177 isolates tested,90(50.8%) are from urine sample, 83(46.9%) from pus sample and 4(2.3%) from blood sample. ESBL was detected in 92 (52%) isolates. They showed least resistance to amikacin 36 (20.3%), piperacillin-tazobactam 30 (16.9%) and meropenem 10 (5.6%). Our study showed most of the isolates was resistant to commonly used penicillin and cephalosporin group of antibiotics and also showed 52% prevalence of ESBL producers. Judicious use of antibiotics, detection and reporting of beta-lactamase enzymes helps in combating spread of MDR bacteria and also helps in appropriate treatment.