#biochemical parameters

Dicroceliosis is an important parasitic disease of small ruminants that can cause significant physiological disturbances and economic losses. The present study investigated the pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical outcomes, and hematobiochemical alterations in sheep naturally infected with Dicrocoelium lanceatum, including cases with concurrent babesiosis. A total of 120 sheep were examined, of which 39 animals were infected with D. lanceatum. Hematological analysis in mono-infected sheep revealed slight reductions in hemoglobin (53.69 ± 5.75 g/dl) compared with healthy animals (56.81 ± 11.34 g/dl), as well as decreases in packed cell volume (34.62 ± 5.01% vs 38.52 ± 7.75%) and mean corpuscular volume (65.51 ± 8.11 vs 69.71 ± 11.92 fL). White blood cell counts showed only minor variation (12.31 ± 1.94 ×10³/µl in infected sheep vs 12.15 ± 1.88 ×10³/µl in healthy animals). In contrast, sheep with concurrent infection of D. lanceatum and Babesia ovis exhibited more pronounced hematological and biochemical disturbances. In co-infected animals, white blood cell counts increased markedly (16.8–28.2 ×10³/µl) compared with healthy sheep (8.4–14.6 ×10³/µl), while hemoglobin levels decreased to 3.8–5.6 g/dl. Biochemical analysis revealed elevated liver enzyme activities, including AST (116–309 U/L) and ALP (136–454 U/L), along with increased total bilirubin levels (0.1–1.1 mg/dl) and decreased albumin concentrations (1.9–2.5 g/dl). These findings indicate that while mono-infection with D. lanceatum induces moderate hematological alterations, concurrent infection with babesiosis leads to severe systemic disturbances characterized by anemia, leukocytosis, and hepatic dysfunction. Early diagnosis and integrated parasite control strategies are therefore essential to reduce disease severity and associated economic losses in sheep production.

Diabetes is the most important deadly metabolic disorder which can disturb nearly every organ system in the body. An increase in sugar levels is one of the characteristics of diabetes mellitus, which leads to a serious impact on the heart, blood vessels, eye and kidneys from time to time. To cure the diabetes we use herbal plants like Cnidium monnieri and Withania somnifera which have immunomodulatory effects and phytochemical analysis confirms the presences of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids and glycosides. These phytochemicals have have antioxidents anti-diabetic, anti-stress, anti-arthritis, immune enhancing and anti-inflammatory activities which prove when in-vivo exploration of these plants extract in diabetic mice to check thr therapeutic potential and the results of different biochemical parameters encourage the research purpose and declear that these plants have anti-diabetic activity. In the future, these herbal plants will extensively be used in medicines of certain diseases.

Substantial metals are boss natural contaminations and their heightening poisonousness causes danger for biological and ecological reasons. Nickel as one of the significant hefty metal poisons is of impressive concern since its focus is quickly expanding in soils of various pieces of the world. Nickel is generally utilized in silver processing plants, amalgam, shades electroplating, zinc based projecting and capacity batteries. The aims of this study included the study of anatomy and biochemical characterization of radish plant under stress conditions. The objective of this paper is to summarize the overview of the sources, essentiality, uptake Ni toxicity in plants. To check the effect of Nickel sulphate on Radish, amounts(0, 50, 100, 150mM) on radish seedlings through Foliar medium, whole soil culture experiment was performed in the wire house of old Botanical Garden, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Statistical analysis was achieved after collection of data by using appropriate computer software such as ANOVA. All morphological changes were observed to collect the data for the biochemical analysis. Nickel Sulphate act as suppressor that bring the reduction in growth as well as weight of fresh root (P≥0.001). Under controlled conditions maximum reduction was observed as compared at 150mM Nickel sulphate that was applied in Foliar medium. Nickel pollution is a serious environmental concern which led to research on phytoremediation.

Hematological and biochemical studies were conducted in the Guba-Khachmaz economic region on sheep infected with endoparasites (Babesia ovis–Moniezia expansa) mono- and associatively. For this purpose, blood samples from 45 sick and 10 healthy sheep were examined. Serological and biochemical studies were conducted on sheep infected with a monoinvasion of the primary blood parasite Babesia ovis. Studies were also conducted on sheep infected with an associative invasion of Babesia ovis+Moniezia expansa. For comparison, serological studies were conducted on healthy sheep. The average difference in hematological blood values in sheep with Babesia ovis monoinvasion was as follows: PCV, RBC, MCV, Hb, neutrophils, and monocytes decreased, while WBC, MCH, MCHC, and lymphocytes were relatively elevated. The average difference in hematological values in healthy and sick sheep with monoinvasion did not differ significantly for RBC, MCV, monocytes, WBC, MCH, MCHC, and lymphocytes (p>0.05). In sick sheep with associative invasion of B. ovis+M. expansa parasites, PCV, RBC, WBC, MCV, Hb, monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes decreased sharply, while MCH, MCHC, and eosinophils increased sharply (p0.05). In sheep with associated B. ovis+M. expansa infection, the mean difference in ALT and AST levels was significantly increased, while albumin and total protein levels were significantly decreased (p0.05).

The research was conducted to record the infestation of maize stem borer in maize stubbles and stalks in two maize cultivars i.e. local white and hybrid in three different locations of Mardan, Divison during 2012. Results showed highest maize stem borer infestation of 26.7% in stubbles at Palo and lowest of 15.0% recorded at Badder. Highest (24.4%) maize stem borer larval infestation was recorded on hybrid as compared to local white where the percent infestation was recorded lowest (17.2%). Results further revealed maximum mean percent (8.2) of maize stem borer hibernating larvae in Hybrid and minimum (3.2) in local white where as the mean percent of hibernating larvae was recorded maximum (11.8) at Palo and lowest (1.0%) at Badder. In stalks highest infestation occurred at Ghowndo ranged (3-10%), (2-9%) at Palo and (1-9%) at Badder, respectively. The study concluded that percent infestation of maize stem borer in stubbles and the mean percent of hibernating larvae was highest at hybrid variety at Palo which means that the hybrid is more susceptible to maize stem borer infestation. In stalks the maize stem borer infestation was also recorded highest at Palo. For farmers it is recommended to organize the dry stalks before the next cropping season to minimize the emergence of the adults that can assault the new crop.