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Abstract

Reflection graphs of four paper samples were recorded at room temperature in the wavelength range 400-700nm. From the UV-Vis data and using the Kubelka-Munk equation we calculated the indirect band gap energies of four different paper samples. The indirect band gap for tissue paper was estimated to be 1.169844796675eV, that of copy paper A4 axion sample of 1.169844772981780eV, of velvet board of 1.169844786551eV, and finally of Α4 copy paper maestro of 1.1698447698146900eV. The indirect band gap value was higher for tissue paper and proceeded decreasing from velvet board to copy paper A4 axion, and finally copy paper A4 maestro. The band gap energy was determined using the Tauc method. The Urbach energy for tissue paper was calculated to be 199.23meV. The Urbach energy for axion Α4 copy paper was calculated to be 324.23meV. The Urbach energy for velvet board was calculated to be 71.12meV. And finally, the Urbach energy for Α4 copy paper maestro was calculated to be 341.17meV. The Urbach energy varied inversely to the band gap for all four paper samples.

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Abstract

Oftentimes there are misunderstandings or technical language barriers associated with questions and answers supplied across the research and commercial divide. If the researcher is not careful in how they define and conduct their laboratory experiments, a short answer problem such as “how will changing my chip distribution improve my yield,” can morph into a 2-year laboratory project that becomes of limited (if any) use to the pulp and paper mill. Another example is a question of “how do I improve the stiffness of my sheet while maintaining high bulk,” may result in a red herring that gives research a black eye, consumes 3-4 years of work, and produces no valuable results for the pulp and paper mill. These two case studies plus an example of improper data collection and understanding in a pulp and paper mill will be used as illustrations to discuss the importance of understanding how to design and report research studies while keeping the actual commercial facility in mind.

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Abstract

Four common use detergent products were analyzed and their soluble-insoluble matter ethanolic 95%w/v was determined. Their soluble matter ethanolic was used to acquire their Raman spectra. Their pH values at 298K were measured also. Several Raman bands were related to –C-C- skeletal stretching vibrations in the region between 1000cm-1 and 1150cm-1, and a peak at 1430cm-1 was related to δ(CH2) deformation for the first detergent product. A band at 1290cm-1 was related to the -SO4 stretch for the surfactant lauryl sulphate. For the alcohols C12-14 ethoxylated sulphated sodium salts in the second detergent product the 1440cm-1 peak was attributed to C-H scissoring. The 1060cm-1 peak was corresponded to –C-C- skeletal stretching of the saturated fatty acid present also. The presence of the aromatic group in the surfactant benzene sulphuric acid C10-13 alkyl derivatives sodium salts was identified at 1615cm-1 in the Raman spectrum of the third detergent product. In the spectrum of the fourth detergent product a peak at 1300cm-1 was attributed to in-phase methylene twisting deformation vibration of the fatty acid sodium oleate. Also, the peaks at 1730cm-1 and at 1270cm-1 were attributed to sodium oleate. Then the alcohols ethoxylated Raman spectrum changes with pH were studied and shifting to longer wavelengths was observed for the second detergent product due to less coupling of the –C-C- stretching vibration to the –C-O- stretching vibration. The ratio of the intensities of anti-Stokes to Stokes lines was found to increase as the temperature increased for 20K for Raman scattering with the 1064nm excitation. Finally, the dissociation energy Do of the bond –C-C-O- in the alcohol C13-15 ethoxylated in the first detergent product was determined to be 386.148449cm-1, or 0.04787507086eV using the Birge-Sponer extrapolation.

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Abstract

High temperature X-ray diffraction studies have been carried out on calcined AlPO4-5 molecular sieve in the temperature range 298-673K in order to study the thermal expansion behavior of this material. Rietveld refinement analysis of AlPO4-5 structure against the powder X-ray diffraction data collected at different temperature were carried out to derive the unit cell dimensions. Unit cell volume increases upto 373K and then remains nearly constant upto 523K and then decreases marginally. The material exhibits a complex thermal behavior viz, it expands initially upto 523 K and then contracts. The strength of expansion is greater than the strength of contraction.

Read more about this article: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acsr/fulltext/ACSR.000552.php